Chemistry · Ch 11 — The p-Block Elements
Physical Properties
11.5.5
Physical Properties
Physical Properties of Group 14
All five Group 14 elements are solids at room temperature. Carbon and silicon behave as non-metals, germanium is a metalloid, and tin and lead are soft, low-melting metals. Melting and boiling points across Group 14 are markedly higher than for the corresponding Group 13 elements — a reflection of the strong, directional covalent bonding these elements can form.
Table 11.3 — Atomic and Physical Properties of Group 14 Elements (a = tetravalent state, b = 6-coordination, c = Pauling scale, d = 293 K, e = diamond; graphite density = 2.22, f = beta-form)
| Property | C | Si | Ge | Sn | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atomic number | 6 | 14 | 32 | 50 | 82 |
| Atomic mass (g/mol) | 12.01 | 28.09 | 72.60 | 118.71 | 207.2 |
| Configuration | [He]2s2 2p2 | [Ne]3s2 3p2 | [Ar]3d10 4s2 4p2 | [Kr]4d10 5s2 5p2 | [Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
| Covalent radius/pm (a) | 77 | 118 | 122 | 140 | 146 |
| Ionic radius M4+/pm (b) | – | 40 | 53 | 69 | 78 |
| Ionic radius M2+/pm (b) | – | – | 73 | 118 | 119 |
| (kJ/mol) | 1086 | 786 | 761 | 708 | 715 |
| (kJ/mol) | 2352 | 1577 | 1537 | 1411 | 1450 |
| (kJ/mol) | 4620 | 3228 | 3300 | 2942 | 3081 |
| (kJ/mol) | 6220 | 4354 | 4409 | 3929 | 4082 |
| Electronegativity (c) | 2.5 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 |
| Density (g/cm3, d) | 3.51(e) | 2.34 | 5.32 | 7.26(f) | 11.34 |
| Melting point/K | 4373 | 1693 | 1218 | 505 | 600 |
| Boiling point/K | – | 3550 | 3123 | 2896 | 2024 |
Table 11.3Atomic and Physical Properties of Group 14 Elements. Footnotes: a = for M(IV) oxidation state, b = 6-coordination, c = Pauling scale, d = 293 K, e = for diamond (density for graphite is 2.22), f = beta-form (stable at room temperature).
| Property | Carbon (C) | Silicon (Si) | Germanium (Ge) | Tin (Sn) | Lead (Pb) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 6 | 14 | 32 | 50 | 82 |
| Atomic mass (g mol-1) | 12.01 | 28.09 | 72.60 | 118.71 | 207.2 |
| Electronic configuration | [He]2s2 2p2 | [Ne]3s2 3p2 | [Ar]3d10 4s2 4p2 | [Kr]4d10 5s2 5p2 | [Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
| Covalent radius/pm (a) | 77 | 118 | 122 | 140 | 146 |
| Ionic radius M4+/pm (b) | - | 40 | 53 | 69 | 78 |
| Ionic radius M2+/pm (b) | - | - | 73 | 118 | 119 |
| Ionization enthalpy ΔiH1 (kJ mol-1) | 1086 | 786 | 761 | 708 | 715 |
| Ionization enthalpy ΔiH2 (kJ mol-1) | 2352 | 1577 | 1537 | 1411 | 1450 |
| Ionization enthalpy ΔiH3 (kJ mol-1) | 4620 | 3228 | 3300 | 2942 | 3081 |
| Ionization enthalpy ΔiH4 (kJ mol-1) | 6220 | 4354 | 4409 | 3929 | 4082 |
| Electronegativity (c) | 2.5 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 |
| Density/g cm-3 (d) | 3.51 (e) | 2.34 | 5.32 | 7.26 (f) | 11.34 |