Q.How is Ammonia manufactured by Haber's Process ? OR How does Ozone reacts with the following :

The Haber process manufactures ammonia industrially from nitrogen and hydrogen gas over an iron catalyst under high pressure and moderate temperature, exploiting Le Chatelier's principle for maximum yield.

Haber's Process for manufacture of Ammonia:

Ammonia is manufactured industrially by the direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gases:

$N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \underset{\text{catalyst}}{\overset{\Delta, \text{high P}}{\rightleftharpoons}} 2NH_3(g)$; $\Delta H = -46.1\ kJ\,mol^{-1}$

This is an exothermic and reversible reaction with a decrease in the number of gas moles (4 mol reactant gas → 2 mol product gas).

Optimum industrial conditions (based on Le Chatelier's principle):

1. High Pressure: About 200 atm (150–300 atm range) is used. Since the forward reaction reduces the number of moles of gas, high pressure favours the forward reaction and increases the yield of NH₃.

2. Moderate/optimum temperature: About 673–773 K (400-500°C) is used. Although lower temperature favours yield (exothermic reaction), the rate of reaction becomes too slow at low temperature; so a moderate temperature is chosen as a compromise between yield and rate.

3. Catalyst: Finely divided iron (Fe) is used as the catalyst, along with a molybdenum (Mo) promoter (which enhances the efficiency of the iron catalyst).

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