Q.List the hormones secreted by the following:
(k) Kidney
(l) G-I Tract
Every endocrine structure secretes its own characteristic hormone or set of hormones, and the list below pairs each named source with what it releases.
Hormones are produced by many different glands and tissues, each with its own signature output. Taking the sources one by one:
- (a) Hypothalamus — two opposite kinds of hormone that control the pituitary: releasing hormones that stimulate it (for example gonadotrophin releasing hormone, GnRH) and inhibiting hormones that suppress it (for example somatostatin, which blocks growth hormone release).
- (b) Pituitary — the anterior part (pars distalis) makes six hormones: growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The pars intermedia secretes a single hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). The posterior part does not make its own hormones but stores and releases two hypothalamic ones, oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH).
- (c) Thyroid — thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), both iodine-containing, plus the protein hormone thyrocalcitonin (TCT).
- (d) Parathyroid — parathyroid hormone (PTH).
- (e) Adrenal — the cortex secretes glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone), along with small amounts of androgenic steroids; the medulla secretes the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
- (f) Pancreas — insulin (from beta cells) and glucagon (from alpha cells).
- (g) Testis — androgens, the chief one being testosterone.
- (h) Ovary — estrogen and progesterone.
- (i) Thymus — thymosins.
- (j) Atrium (of the heart) — atrial natriuretic factor (ANF).
- (k) Kidney — erythropoietin.
- (l) G-I tract — gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
Notice that the posterior pituitary is a special case — it releases oxytocin and vasopressin but does not manufacture them; they are actually made in the hypothalamus and merely stored and released there.
In short, from the hypothalamus's releasing and inhibiting hormones down to the gut's gastrin, secretin, CCK and GIP, each endocrine source contributes its own named hormones, and together they form the body's chemical-signalling network.
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