The value of $\sin\dfrac{\pi}{18} + \sin\dfrac{\pi}{9} + \sin\dfrac{2\pi}{9} + \sin\dfrac{5\pi}{18}$ is given by (A) $\sin\dfrac{7\pi}{18} + \sin\dfrac{4\pi}{9}$ (B) $1$ (C) $\cos\dfrac{\pi}{6} + \cos\dfrac{3\pi}{7}$ (D) $\cos\dfrac{\pi}{9} + \sin\dfrac{\pi}{9}$

The value of sin(π)/(18) + sin(π)/(9) + sin(2π)/(9) + sin(5π)/(18) is given by (A) sin(7π)/(18) + sin(4π)/(9)

NCERT Exemplar · Q54

\sin\dfrac{\pi}{18} + \sin\dfrac{\pi}{9} + \sin\dfrac{2\pi}{9} + \sin\dfrac{5\pi}{18}

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Concept understanding — Trigonometric Identity Proof

Trigonometric Identity Proof: From Intuition to Precision

Imagine you're standing at the corner of a right triangle. The two shorter sides — one horizontal, one vertical — and the sloping hypotenuse are all connected. If you change the angle at your corner, the lengths of the sides change, but the relationship between them stays fixed. That fixed relationship is what a trigonometric identity captures.

The Core Idea

A trigonometric identity is an equation involving trigonometric functions (like $\sin \theta$ , $\cos \theta$ , $\tan \theta$ ) that is true for every angle $\theta$ where both sides are defined. It's not a conditional equation (like $\sin \theta = 0.5$ , which is true only for specific angles). It's an eternal truth about how these functions relate.

The most famous one is:

\sin^2 \theta + \cos^2 \theta = 1

This holds for any angle $\theta$ — acute, obtuse, negative, whatever. Why? Because on the unit circle, $\sin \theta$ is the $y$ -coordinate and $\cos \theta$ is the $x$ -coordinate of a point on a circle of radius 1. The Pythagorean theorem says $x^2 + y^2 = 1$ , so $\sin^2 \theta + \cos^2 \theta = 1$ is just the Pythagorean theorem in disguise.

Proving an Identity: The Method

When you're asked to prove a trigonometric identity, you're not solving for an angle. You're showing that the left-hand side (LHS) and right-hand side (RHS) are the same expression, just written differently.

The golden rule: Start with one side and transform it into the other, using known identities and algebraic manipulation. Never move terms across the equals sign as if solving an equation — that assumes the identity is already true, which is what you're trying to prove.

A Simple Example

Prove: $\tan \theta \cdot \cos \theta = \sin \theta$

Step 1: Pick a side to start with. Usually, the more complicated side is easier to simplify. Here, the LHS looks more complex.

Step 2: Replace $\tan \theta$ with $\frac{\sin \theta}{\cos \theta}$ (a known identity).

\tan \theta \cdot \cos \theta = \frac{\sin \theta}{\cos \theta} \cdot \cos \theta

Step 3: Cancel $\cos \theta$ (provided $\cos \theta \neq 0$ — but the identity holds for all angles where both sides are defined, and at $\cos \theta = 0$ , $\tan \theta$ is undefined anyway).

= \sin \theta

That's it. The LHS simplifies exactly to the RHS.

The Toolbox of Known Identities

To prove any identity, you need to know the basic building blocks:

Identity	Formula
Pythagorean	$\sin^2 \theta + \cos^2 \theta = 1$
Quotient	$\tan \theta = \frac{\sin \theta}{\cos \theta}$ , $\cot \theta = \frac{\cos \theta}{\sin \theta}$
Reciprocal	$\csc \theta = \frac{1}{\sin \theta}$ , $\sec \theta = \frac{1}{\cos \theta}$ , $\cot \theta = \frac{1}{\tan \theta}$
Even-Odd	$\sin(-\theta) = -\sin \theta$ , $\cos(-\theta) = \cos \theta$

Watch out

A common mistake is to treat $\sin^2 \theta$ as $(\sin \theta)^2$ — which it is — but then incorrectly think $\sin^2 \theta + \cos^2 \theta = 1$ means $\sin \theta + \cos \theta = 1$ . It does not. The square applies to the whole sine value, not to the angle.

A Slightly Harder Proof

Prove: $\frac{1 - \cos^2 \theta}{\cos \theta} = \sin \theta \tan \theta$

Start with LHS: $\frac{1 - \cos^2 \theta}{\cos \theta}$

From the Pythagorean identity, $1 - \cos^2 \theta = \sin^2 \theta$ . So:

\frac{\sin^2 \theta}{\cos \theta} = \sin \theta \cdot \frac{\sin \theta}{\cos \theta} = \sin \theta \tan \theta

That's the RHS. Done. …

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The problem involves summing four sine terms. By pairing terms with a common sum of angles and applying the sum-to-product formula, the expression simplifies to $\cos\frac{\pi}{9} + \cos\frac{\pi}{18}$ , which matches option (A) after using complementary angle identities.

The core idea behind simplifying sums of trigonometric functions is to look for relationships between the angles involved. Often, these relationships allow us to use sum-to-product or product-to-sum formulas, or complementary/supplementary angle identities.

In this problem, we have the sum:

$S = \sin\dfrac{\pi}{18} + \sin\dfrac{\pi}{9} + \sin\dfrac{2\pi}{9} + \sin\dfrac{5\pi}{18}$

Let's first express all angles with a common denominator, $18$ , to make comparisons easier:

$\dfrac{\pi}{18}$

$\dfrac{\pi}{9} = \dfrac{2\pi}{18}$

$\dfrac{2\pi}{9} = \dfrac{4\pi}{18}$

$\dfrac{5\pi}{18}$

So the sum is:

$S = \sin\dfrac{\pi}{18} + \sin\dfrac{2\pi}{18} + \sin\dfrac{4\pi}{18} + \sin\dfrac{5\pi}{18}$

Notice the pattern in the numerators: $1, 2, 4, 5$ .

We can observe that:

$\dfrac{\pi}{18} + \dfrac{5\pi}{18} = \dfrac{6\pi}{18} = \dfrac{\pi}{3}$

$\dfrac{2\pi}{18} + \dfrac{4\pi}{18} = \dfrac{6\pi}{18} = \dfrac{\pi}{3}$

Since the sum of angles in these pairs is constant ( $\frac{\pi}{3}$ ), this strongly suggests using the sum-to-product formula for sine, which is:

\sin A + \sin B = 2 \sin\left(\frac{A+B}{2}\right) \cos\left(\frac{A-B}{2}\right)

Let's apply this formula to the two pairs of terms.

Simplify the first pair: $\sin\dfrac{\pi}{18} + \sin\dfrac{5\pi}{18}$

Here, $A = \dfrac{\pi}{18}$ and $B = \dfrac{5\pi}{18}$ .

The sum of angles is $A+B = \dfrac{\pi}{18} + \dfrac{5\pi}{18} = \dfrac{6\pi}{18} = \dfrac{\pi}{3}$ .

So, $\dfrac{A+B}{2} = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \dfrac{\pi}{3} = \dfrac{\pi}{6}$ .

The difference of angles is $A-B = \dfrac{\pi}{18} - \dfrac{5\pi}{18} = -\dfrac{4\pi}{18} = -\dfrac{2\pi}{9}$ .

So, $\dfrac{A-B}{2} = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \left(-\dfrac{2\pi}{9}\right) = -\dfrac{\pi}{9}$ .

Applying the formula:

$\sin\dfrac{\pi}{18} + \sin\dfrac{5\pi}{18} = 2 \sin\left(\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right) \cos\left(-\dfrac{\pi}{9}\right)$

We know $\sin\dfrac{\pi}{6} = \sin 30^\circ = \dfrac{1}{2}$ and $\cos(-\theta) = \cos\theta$ .

So, $2 \cdot \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \cos\left(\dfrac{\pi}{9}\right) = \cos\left(\dfrac{\pi}{9}\right)$ .
Simplify the second pair: $\sin\dfrac{2\pi}{18} + \sin\dfrac{4\pi}{18}$

Here, $A = \dfrac{2\pi}{18}$ and $B = \dfrac{4\pi}{18}$ .

The sum of angles is $A+B = \dfrac{2\pi}{18} + \dfrac{4\pi}{18} = \dfrac{6\pi}{18} = \dfrac{\pi}{3}$ .

So, $\dfrac{A+B}{2} = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \dfrac{\pi}{3} = \dfrac{\pi}{6}$ .

The difference of angles is $A-B = \dfrac{2\pi}{18} - \dfrac{4\pi}{18} = -\dfrac{2\pi}{18} = -\dfrac{\pi}{9}$ .

So, $\dfrac{A-B}{2} = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \left(-\dfrac{\pi}{9}\right) = -\dfrac{\pi}{18}$ .

Applying the formula:

$\sin\dfrac{2\pi}{18} + \sin\dfrac{4\pi}{18} = 2 \sin\left(\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right) \cos\left(-\dfrac{\pi}{18}\right)$

Again, $\sin\dfrac{\pi}{6} = \dfrac{1}{2}$ and $\cos(-\theta) = \cos\theta$ . …

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