What do you understand by these following terms ? Give one example of each. (i) Aldol (ii) Schiff's base (iii) Cannizaro's reaction (iv) Oxime (v) Acetal

**OR**

Write the structure of products of the following reactions : (i) Benzene + propanoyl chloride ($C_2H_5COCl$) in prese

Question

What do you understand by these following terms ? Give one example of each. (i) Aldol (ii) Schiff's base (iii) Cannizaro's reaction (iv) Oxime (v) Acetal

**OR**

Write the structure of products of the following reactions : (i) Benzene + propanoyl chloride ($C_2H_5COCl$) in presence of anhydrous $AlCl_3$ / $CS_2$ $\longrightarrow$ (ii) $(C_6H_5CH_2)_2Cd + 2CH_3COCl \longrightarrow$ (iii) $H_3C-C\equiv CH \xrightarrow{Hg^{2+}/H_2SO_4}$ (iv) $p$-nitrotoluene (4-nitrotoluene) $\xrightarrow{(i)\ CrO_2Cl_2\ (ii)\ H_3O^+}$ (v) Acetophenone ($C_6H_5COCH_3$) $+ CH_3CH_2NH_2 \xrightarrow{H^+}$

Accepted Answer

>

> [!TLDR]
> Five carbonyl terms defined with examples — aldol (β-hydroxy carbonyl), Schiff's base (imine), Cannizzaro reaction (disproportionation of α-H-free aldehydes), oxime (>C=N–OH) and acetal (gem-dialkoxy compound).
>
> **(i) Aldol.** A **β-hydroxy aldehyde or β-hydroxy ketone** formed when two molecules of an aldehyde/ketone (having an α-hydrogen) combine in the presence of dilute alkali (aldol condensation). Example:
> $$2CH_3CHO \xrightarrow{dil.\,NaOH} CH_3{-}CH(OH){-}CH_2{-}CHO\ 	ext{(3-hydroxybutanal, the aldol)}$$
>
> **(ii) Schiff's base.** An **imine**, $>C{=}N{-}R$, formed by condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with a **primary amine** (loss of water). Example:
> $$C_6H_5CHO + H_2N{-}C_6H_5 ightarrow C_6H_5CH{=}N{-}C_6H_5 + H_2O\ 	ext{(benzylideneaniline)}$$
>
> **(iii) Cannizzaro's reaction.** Aldehydes that have **no α-hydrogen**, on treatment with **concentrated alkali**, undergo self oxidation–reduction (disproportionation): one molecule is oxidised to the acid salt and another reduced to the alcohol. Example:
> $$2HCHO + NaOH ightarrow CH_3OH + HCOONa$$
> (similarly benzaldehyde → benzyl alcohol + sodium benzoate).
>
> **(iv) Oxime.** The compound $>C{=}N{-}OH$ formed when an aldehyde or ketone reacts with **hydroxylamine (NH$_2$OH)**. Example:
> $$(CH_3)_2C{=}O + NH_2OH ightarrow (CH_3)_2C{=}N{-}OH + H_2O\ 	ext{(acetone oxime)}$$
> …

Q.What do you understand by these following terms ? Give one example of each.

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Q.What do you understand by these following terms ? Give one example of each.

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