Q.Match the following :
Column A

Matching Thermodynamic Concepts

This tests your grasp of fundamental thermodynamic definitions and relationships. Each term in Column A corresponds to exactly one descriptor in Column B.

Concept: Thermodynamic processes, systems, and properties

Work through by identifying defining characteristics:

1. Process types: Adiabatic means no heat transfer (e); isothermal means constant temperature (f); reversible proceeds infinitely slowly through equilibrium states (j); free expansion occurs against zero external pressure (h).

2. System classification: An isolated system exchanges neither energy nor matter (d).

3. Functions: Path functions (like heat and work) depend on the route taken—heat is the classic example (a). State functions (like internal energy, enthalpy, entropy) depend only on the current state—internal energy (g), entropy (k) are state functions.

4. First Law relations: $\Delta U = q + w$. At constant volume, $w = 0$, so $\Delta U = q$ (b). At constant pressure, $\Delta H = q$ (i). The First Law itself embodies energy conservation (c). …

Using the definitions from the First Law and the classification of processes, systems and properties, each item matches as follows.

Matching

1. (i) Adiabatic process → (e) No transfer of heat. An adiabatic process has $q = 0$; the system is thermally insulated.
2. (ii) Isolated system → (d) No exchange of energy and matter. Neither energy nor matter crosses the boundary.
3. (iii) Isothermal change → (f) Constant temperature. $\Delta T = 0$ throughout.
4. (iv) Path function → (a) Heat. Heat depends on the route between states, not just the end states.
5. (v) State function → (g) Internal energy, (k) Entropy, (l) Pressure. All three depend only on the state of the system, not on how it was reached.
6. (vi) $\Delta U = q$ → (b) At constant volume. At constant volume, $w = 0$, so $\Delta U = q_V$.
7. (vii) Law of conservation of energy → (c) First law of thermodynamics. The First Law, $\Delta U = q + w$, is the energy-conservation statement.
8. (viii) Reversible process → (j) Infinitely slow process which proceeds through a series of equilibrium states. A reversible (quasi-static) change passes through equilibrium states.
9. (ix) Free expansion → (h) $p_{\text{ext}} = 0$. Expansion into a vacuum, so $w = -p_{\text{ext}}\Delta V = 0$.
10. (x) $\Delta H = q$ → (i) At constant pressure. At constant pressure, $\Delta H = q_p$.
11. (xi) Intensive property → (l) Pressure and (m) Specific heat. Both are independent of the amount of substance (specific heat is heat capacity per unit mass), so both are intensive.
12. (xii) Extensive property → (g) Internal energy, (k) Entropy. Both scale with the amount of substance. …