Q.What is stock exchange? Explain its functions.
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The Three Financial Decisions: An Intuitive Start
Imagine you have ₹100 in your pocket. What can you do with it? You could spend it on a movie ticket today. You could put it in a piggy bank and spend it next week. Or you could use it to buy a small packet of seeds, plant them, and hope they grow into a tree that gives you fruit for years.
That's the core of finance — every choice you make with money boils down to three fundamental decisions. Let's build them one by one.
Decision 1: The Investment Decision (What to buy with money)
This is the "what do I own?" question. When you have money, you must decide which assets to put it into. An asset is anything that can hold or generate value — a share of stock, a piece of land, a bond, or even your own education.
The key tension here is risk vs. return. A fixed deposit in a bank is safe but gives you ~6% return. A startup investment might give you 10x return — or wipe out your entire money. The investment decision is about choosing which assets match your willingness to take risk and your time horizon.
In personal finance, this is often called asset allocation — how much of your money goes into stocks, bonds, gold, cash, etc.
Decision 2: The Financing Decision (Where does the money come from?)
Now flip the question. Instead of "what do I buy?", ask "how do I pay for it?" You want to buy a house worth ₹50 lakh. You have ₹10 lakh saved. The remaining ₹40 lakh must come from somewhere — a bank loan, borrowing from family, or issuing shares if you're a company.
This is the financing decision: choosing the mix of your own money (equity) vs. borrowed money (debt).
The trade-off here is cost vs. control. Debt (loans) costs interest, but you keep full ownership. Equity (selling a stake) costs no interest, but you give up some control and future profits. Companies call this the capital structure decision.
A common mistake: thinking "more debt is always bad." Debt can amplify returns (leverage) — but it also amplifies losses. The right mix depends on how stable your income is.
Decision 3: The Dividend Decision (What to do with profits)
You've made money. Now what? Do you distribute it to yourself (or shareholders) as cash? Or do you reinvest it back into the business to grow further?
This is the dividend decision: how much profit to keep vs. how much to pay out.
The tension here is current consumption vs. future growth. If you pay out all profits as dividends, you enjoy the money now but the business doesn't grow. If you reinvest everything, you might build a much larger business — but you get no cash today. Companies call this the payout policy.
| Decision | Core Question | Key Trade-off |
|----------|---------------|---------------|
| Investment | What assets to buy? | Risk vs. Return |
| Financing | How to pay for assets? | Cost vs. Control |
| Dividend | What to do with profits? | Now vs. Later |
The Precise Statement
In corporate finance, these three decisions are formally defined as:
The Three Financial Decisions: …
A company that wants to raise long-term capital from the public, or an investor who wants to buy and sell shares after the initial issue, both need a regulated marketplace to do so — and that marketplace is the stock exchange.
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A stock exchange is an organised secondary market for trading existing securities; it performs functions like providing liquidity, fair price discovery, safety of transactions, and channelling savings into productive investment.
A stock exchange is an institution that provides a platform for buying and selling existing (previously issued) securities — mainly shares and debentures of listed companies and government securities. It is part of the secondary market (as opposed to the primary market, where new securities are issued for the first time).
Its main functions include:
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Providing liquidity and marketability to existing securities: Investors who bought securities can sell them easily whenever they wish, and investors can buy securities already in circulation — the stock exchange ensures that securities can be converted into cash readily.
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Pricing of securities (price discovery): Through continuous interaction of genuine demand and supply forces among a large number of buyers and sellers, the stock exchange helps determine a fair, market-driven price for each security.
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Safety of transactions: Trading is confined to members registered under the rules and bylaws of the exchange (regulated by SEBI), which reduces the risk of fraud and ensures that contracts entered into are honoured.
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Showing the 12 most recent of 55 on this concept.
- CBSE 2026Set MARCH1 markQ.Paraga company decided to raise 40% of funds through debentures. Which financial decision is it?
›Reveal solutionSolution
Raising 40% of funds through debentures relates to how funds are to be raised and from which sources, which is the Financing Decision.
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- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Is there any difference between capital market and money market?
›Reveal solutionSolution
Yes — capital market and money market are two distinct segments of the financial market, differentiated mainly by the time period of the instruments dealt in.
The financial market is the market where funds are mobilised between savers and users of funds. It is divided into:
- Money market — deals in short-term funds, with instruments maturing within one year (e.g. treasury bills, commercial paper, call money), used mainly for working-capital needs.
- Capital market — deals in medium- and long-term funds, with instruments like equity shares, debentures and bonds, used mainly for financing fixed capital/long-term investment. …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.A decision to acquire a new and modern plant to upgrade an old one is known as – (A) Dividend decision (B) Investment decision (C) Financial decision (D) Working Capital decision
›Reveal solutionSolution
Buying new plant and machinery is a long-term commitment of funds to a fixed asset — the textbook definition of an investment decision.
The three broad financial decisions
- Investment decision: Relates to how the firm's funds are invested in different assets — especially long-term (fixed) assets like plant, machinery, buildings. Deciding to acquire a new/modern plant to upgrade an old one is a classic capital budgeting/investment decision.
- Financing decision: Relates to how much funds to raise and from what sources (debt vs equity) — not applicable here, since the question is about what to acquire, not how to fund it.
- Dividend decision: Relates to how much of the profit is distributed to shareholders vs retained — not relevant here. …
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Modern approach of financial management is (A) procurement of funds (B) utilisation of funds (C) both (A) and (B) (D) none of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
Under the modern approach, financial management covers both the procurement of funds and their efficient utilisation, i.e. the investment, financing and dividend decisions taken together.
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- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Main function(s) of financial management is/are (A) Financial planning (B) Procurement of funds (C) Allocation of net profit (D) All of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
Financial management performs financial planning, procurement of funds and allocation of net profit (dividend/retention) as its main functions, so the correct answer is all of these.
The principal functions of financial management are:
- Financial planning — estimating fund requirements and sources.
- Procurement of funds — raising capital from appropriate sources at reasonable cost. …
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Financial manager takes decision as to (A) Financial (B) Investment (C) Dividend (D) All of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
The three key decisions of a financial manager are the financing decision, the investment decision and the dividend decision, so the answer covers all of these.
- Financing (financial) decision — determining the capital structure, i.e. the mix of equity and debt used to raise funds.
- Investment decision — deciding where funds should be invested (fixed-capital/capital-budgeting and working-capital decisions). …
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Which financial management decision determines the ratio between debt and equity (source of finance)?(a) Investment decision(b) Financing decision(c) Dividend decision(d) Pricing decision(a) Investment decision(b) Financing decision(c) Dividend decision(d) Pricing decision
›Reveal solutionSolution
The financing decision is the one that fixes the debt-to-equity ratio, i.e. the capital structure.
Financial management rests on three broad, interrelated decisions:
- Investment decision — where to invest the firm's funds (long-term, i.e. capital budgeting, and short-term, i.e. working capital).
- Financing decision — from where and in what proportion to raise funds, i.e. the mix of debt and equity that forms the capital structure of the business. This directly determines the ratio between borrowed funds (debentures, loans) and owners' funds (equity/preference share capital, retained earnings).
- Dividend decision — how much of the profit earned should be distributed to shareholders as dividend, and how much should be retained in the business. …
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Write the name of body that regulates share markets in India.
›Reveal solutionSolution
SEBI (the Securities and Exchange Board of India) is India's regulatory body for the securities/share markets.
Financial markets — which include the capital market, where long-term securities like shares and debentures are traded — need a watchdog to protect the interests of investors, prevent malpractices such as price rigging and insider trading, and promote the orderly development of the market. In India, this role is performed by SEBI, which was given statutory powers under the SEBI Act, 1992. SEBI regulates stock exchanges and the securities market, protects investors, registers and regulates intermediaries like brokers and merchant bankers, promotes investor education, and prohibits fraudulent and unfair trade practic …
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The cheapest source of finance is(a) debenture(b) equity share capital(c) preference share(d) retained earning
›Reveal solutionSolution
Retained earnings is the cheapest source of finance among the options given.
Every source of finance carries some cost: debentures carry a fixed interest obligation, preference shares carry a fixed dividend commitment, and equity share capital involves high floatation costs, dividend expectations and dilution of control, besides being the costliest form of capital in terms of investor expectation.
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- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Which of the following markets deals in securities with maturity of less than one year?(a) Primary market(b) Secondary market(c) Money market(d) Capital market
›Reveal solutionSolution
The money market deals in short-term securities maturing in under one year.
Financial markets are broadly divided into the money market and the capital market based on the maturity period of the securities traded. The money market is the market for short-term funds, where instruments such as treasury bills, commercial paper, call money, and certificates of deposit are traded — all maturing in less than one year. It helps organisations and the government manage short-term liquidity needs.
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- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Treasury bills are basically(a) an instrument to borrow short-term funds(b) an instrument of capital market(c) an instrument to borrow long-term funds(d) None of the above
›Reveal solutionSolution
Treasury bills are a money-market instrument used by the government to borrow for the short term.
A treasury bill (T-bill) is a promissory note issued by the Government of India, through the Reserve Bank of India, to meet its short-term borrowing requirements. T-bills are issued at a discount to their face value and are repaid at par on maturity — the difference is the investor's return. Their maturity is always less than one year (commonly 91, 182 …
- CBSE 2024Set 66/3/11 markMCQQ.Statement I : The objective of financial management is to maximize shareholders’ wealth. Statement II : The shareholders gain if the value of shares in the market increases. Choose the correct option from the following : (A) Statement I is true and Statement II is false. (B) Statement II is true and Statement I is false. (C) Both the Statements are true. (D) Both the Statements are false.
›Reveal solutionSolution
The primary objective of financial management is to maximize shareholders' wealth, which directly increases when the market value of their shares rises.
Financial management is a vital function within any business, concerned with the efficient acquisition, allocation, and control of financial resources. Its overarching goal is to ensure that the firm's financial decisions contribute to the well-being of its owners. This leads us to consider the two statements provided.
Statement I: The objective of financial management is to maximize shareholders’ wealth.
This statement is true. The primary objective of financial management is indeed to maximize shareholders' wealth. While profit maximization might seem like an obvious goal, it is often considered a narrower and less appropriate objective than wealth maximization. Profit maximization focuses on short-term earnings and does not adequately account for factors such as risk, the time value of money, or the long-term sustainability of the business.
NoteWealth maximization, in contrast, takes a broader, long-term view. It considers the market value of the company's shares, which inherently reflects the company's future earnings potential, its risk profile, and the efficiency of its operations. A decision that increases the market price of the company's shares is considered a wealth-maximizing decision.
Statement II: The shareholders gain if the value of shares in the market increases.
This statement is also true. Shareholders are the owners of the company, and their wealth is directly tied to the market value of the shares they hold. When the market price of a company's shares increases, the total value of the shareholders' investment rises. For instance, if a shareholder owns 100 shares, and the price per share increases from ₹100 to ₹120, their total wealth from those shares increases from ₹10,000 to ₹12,000. This increase in share value is a direct measure of the gain to shareholders. …
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