Q.Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Aarav is an outgoing, talkative student who feels energised playing football in front of a crowd and thinks out loud with his teammates. His classmate Dhruv prefers training alone, reflects carefully before acting, and has chosen long-distance running. To push both boys, the coach announces a trophy and a cash award for the best athlete of the season. Dhruv, who earlier ran purely for the joy of running, gradually finds that he feels like running only when a prize is at stake.

1. Personality types according to Jung's classification Aarav is an extravert. He draws energy from social interaction, thrives in front of an audience, and processes his thoughts externally by talking with teammates. Dhruv is an introvert. He recharges through solitude, prefers individual training, and reflects internally before taking action.
2. Why students like Dhruv excel in long-distance running Introverts like Dhruv excel in endurance sports because they are comfortable spending long periods alone, can sustain focus inward without external stimulation, and draw energy from solitary, reflective activities rather than needing the presence of others.
3. Type of motivation represented by the trophy and cash award The trophy and cash award represent extrinsic motivation—motivation driven by external rewards or consequences rather than by internal satisfaction or interest in the activity itself.
4. Effect responsible for the decline in Dhruv's enjoyment …

Carl Jung divided personality into two fundamental orientations based on where people direct their energy and attention. Extraverts turn outward: they draw vitality from social engagement, think by talking, and perform best when others are watching. Introverts turn inward: they recharge in solitude, process thoughts privately before speaking, and prefer depth over breadth in their activities. Neither type is superior; they simply channel their psychological energy differently.

Aarav embodies extraversion. He is outgoing and talkative, feels energised rather than drained by playing football in front of a crowd, and thinks out loud with his teammates—classic markers of someone whose batteries are charged by external stimulation and social interaction. Dhruv, by contrast, is introverted. He prefers training alone, reflects carefully before acting, and has gravitated toward long-distance running, a sport that rewards solitary endurance and internal focus. His energy flows from within.

Introverts like Dhruv often excel in endurance sports such as long-distance running because these activities align with their natural strengths. Long-distance running demands sustained internal focus, the ability to tolerate long stretches of solitude, and comfort with one's own thoughts during hours of training and competition. Introverts are less dependent on external stimulation and can maintain motivation through self-reflection and personal goal-setting, making the mental discipline required for such sports a natural fit.

The trophy and cash award represent extrinsic motivation—motivation that comes from outside the activity itself. Dhruv is no longer running because the act brings him joy; he is running to obtain a tangible reward. Extrinsic motivators include prizes, money, grades, praise, or any external consequence that drives behavior. They stand in contrast to intrinsic motivation, where the activity itself is the reward. …