Accountancy · Class 12 Commerce
Ch 5Partnership Accounts — Class 12 Accountancy, concept-first.
A sole trader's Profit and Loss Account settles the whole question of "whose money is this" in one line — the entire net profit belongs to the one owner. The moment a business has two or more owners, that single line is no longer enough, because the partners may have contributed unequal capital, may have agreed to be p…
Key concepts
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Fixed and Fluctuating Capital Accounts
Under the Fluctuating Capital Method (the default), a single Capital Account per partner absorbs every item — interest on capital, salary, share of profit, drawings, interest on drawings — so its balance changes every ye…
Most relevant Q&A
- Distinguish between the Fixed Capital Method and the Fluctuating Capital Method of maintaining partners' capital accounts, stating any three…Free
- X and Y are partners with FIXED capitals of ₹3,00,000 and ₹2,00,000 respectively. Interest on capital is allowed at 8% per annum. X is entit…Free
- M and N are partners maintaining their capitals under the FLUCTUATING capital method, with opening capitals of ₹1,00,000 (M) and ₹80,000 (N)…Free
Chapter contents
The NCERT structure, section by section. Open a section to see its questions, then read the concept-first solution.
Meaning of Partnership Accounts and the Profit and Loss Appropriation Account
A sole trader's Profit and Loss Account settles the whole question of "whose money is this" in one line — the entire net profit belongs to the one owner.
Fixed and Fluctuating Capital Accounts
Every partner's capital contribution has to be recorded somewhere, and the firm's books can do this in either of two ways: the Fixed Capital Method or the Fluctuating Capital Method.
Interest on Capital and Interest on Drawings
Interest on Capital. Where the partnership deed provides for it, each partner is entitled to interest, at the agreed rate, on the capital he has invested in the firm — compensation for the opportunity…
Goodwill — Meaning and Factors Affecting Its Value
Goodwill is the value of a firm's established reputation — the extra earning power a well-regarded, well-run business commands over and above what an ordinary new business, with identical assets, coul…
Methods of Valuation of Goodwill
Once the partners agree that an event (admission, retirement, death, or a change in the profit-sharing ratio) requires goodwill to be valued, one of three standard methods is used — the partnership de…
Guarantee of a Minimum Profit to a Partner
Partners sometimes agree that a particular partner — often a newly admitted partner, or one contributing mainly skill/labour rather than capital — will be guaranteed a stated minimum amount of profit,…
Exercises
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- Q3A and B are partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio 3:2. Their partnership deed provides for interest on capital at 10% per annum o…Free
- Q4X and Y are partners with FIXED capitals of ₹3,00,000 and ₹2,00,000 respectively. Interest on capital is allowed at 8% per annum. X is entit…Free
- Q5M and N are partners maintaining their capitals under the FLUCTUATING capital method, with opening capitals of ₹1,00,000 (M) and ₹80,000 (N)…Free
- Q7R's capital account showed an opening balance of ₹1,00,000 on 1 April 2025. On 1 October 2025, R introduced additional capital of ₹40,000. I…Preview
- Q8Partner S withdrew ₹2,000 at the BEGINNING of every month throughout the accounting year. Interest on drawings is to be charged at 10% per a…Preview
- Q9Partner T withdrew ₹10,000 on 1 May 2025, ₹15,000 on 1 August 2025, ₹5,000 on 1 December 2025, and ₹8,000 on 1 February 2026. The accounting…Preview
- Q11The profits of a firm for the last five years were: 2021 — ₹80,000; 2022 — ₹95,000; 2023 — ₹1,10,000; 2024 — ₹1,05,000; 2025 — ₹1,20,000. Go…Preview
- Q12A firm's average profit is ₹1,80,000 per annum. The capital employed in the business is ₹10,00,000, and the normal rate of return in this cl…Preview
- Q13A firm's average profit is ₹1,50,000 per annum, and the normal rate of return in this class of business is 10%. The firm's actual capital em…Preview
- Q14A, B, and C are partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio 5:3:2. Partner A personally guarantees that C's share of profit will not be…Preview