Q.Mr. Sunrise started a business for buying and selling of stationery with ₹5,00,000 as an initial investment. Of which he paid ₹1,00,000 for furniture, ₹2,00,000 for buying stationery items. He employed a sales person and clerk. At the end of the month he paid ₹5,000 as their salaries. Out of the stationery bought he sold some stationery for ₹1,50,000 for cash and some other stationery for ₹1,00,000 on credit basis to Mr. Ravi. Subsequently, he bought stationery items of ₹1,50,000 from Mr. Peace. In the first week of next month there was a fire accident and he lost ₹30,000 worth of stationery. A part of the machinery, which cost ₹40,000, was sold for ₹45,000. From the above, answer the following:

1. What is the amount of capital with which Mr. Sunrise started business?
2. What are the fixed assets he bought?
3. What is the value of the goods purchased?
4. Who is the creditor and state the amount payable to him?
5. What are the expenses?
6. What is the gain he earned?
7. What is the loss he incurred?
8. Who is the debtor? What is the amount receivable from him?
9. What is the total amount of expenses and losses incurred?
10. Determine if the following are assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses or none of these: sales, debtors, creditors, salary to manager, discount to debtors, drawings by the owner.

Accounting Terminology Distinction: Capital vs Revenue Expenditure

Let me start with something you already understand from daily life.

When you buy a chocolate, you eat it — it's gone. But when you buy a bicycle, you use it for years. In accounting, these two kinds of spending are treated completely differently. That distinction is the foundation of everything else.

The Core Idea

Revenue Expenditure is spending that gives benefit only in the current accounting period. Think of it as "consumed today" — salaries, rent, raw materials, repairs. You match it against the revenue of the same year.

Capital Expenditure is spending that gives benefit over multiple years. Think of it as "acquiring an asset" — buying machinery, building a factory, buying a patent. The benefit stretches into future periods.

Why This Distinction Matters

Get this wrong and your profit figure is nonsense.

If you treat a ₹5,00,000 machine purchase as revenue expenditure, you'll show a massive loss in Year 1 and then artificially high profits in Years 2–5 (because the machine is still working but you've already written it off). The balance sheet will also be wrong — it won't show the asset you actually own.

The Income Statement and Balance Sheet must both be correct. This distinction is what keeps them honest.

Accounting Treatment

Revenue Expenditure

It goes directly to the Profit & Loss Account (debit side) in the same year.

Capital Expenditure

It appears on the Balance Sheet as a non-current asset. Then, each year, a portion is charged as depreciation (which is revenue expenditure).

The Tricky Cases: Where Students Slip

1. Repairs vs Improvements

Replacing a broken window pane? Revenue — it restores the asset to working condition.

Installing a new, more efficient engine in an old machine? Capital — it increases the machine's future earning capacity.

2. Installation Costs

You buy a machine for ₹2,00,000. You pay ₹10,000 to transport it and ₹5,000 to install it. Total capital expenditure? ₹2,15,000. All costs needed to bring the asset to its working condition are capital.

3. Legal Fees

Legal fees to buy a property? Capital — it's part of the cost of acquiring the asset.

Legal fees to defend a trademark in court? Revenue — it's an expense of running the business.

A Quick Reference Table