Q.Name the plot which displays the statistical summary.

Imagine you are looking at a map of India’s railway network. You see many stations, and tracks connecting some of them. Now suppose there is a flood in Bihar that cuts all rail lines leading out of Patna. Suddenly, the trains from Delhi can no longer reach Kolkata, and trains from Mumbai cannot reach Guwahati. The network has broken into separate pieces — each piece is a component.

In graph theory, a graph is just a collection of points (called vertices) and lines (called edges) that join some pairs of points. A component is a maximal connected subgraph. That sounds technical, but it simply means: take any vertex, and follow edges as far as you can. All the vertices you can reach from that starting point, together with the edges you travelled along, form one component. If you start from a vertex in a different part of the graph and cannot reach any vertex from the first group, that second group is a separate component.

Why does this matter? In real life, components tell us about connectivity. In a social network, each component might represent a group of friends who know each other but have no connection to people outside the group. In a computer network, a component might be a local area network that cannot communicate with another network because a router is down. In the NCERT Class 12 Mathematics textbook (Chapter 13, on graphs), components are introduced to help you understand when a graph is connected (one component) or disconnected (two or more components).

Here are the key points to remember:

• A connected graph has exactly one component — you can travel from any vertex to any other vertex along edges.
• A disconnected graph has two or more components.
• Each component is itself a connected graph (it has no way to split further).
• Isolated vertices count as components of size 1. …