The Approach

In the early years after independence, the Indian state had a clear vision for the media. It was not seen merely as a source of entertainment or news, but as an active instrument for nation-building. The approach was developmental and reformist.

Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister, gave the media a specific role: to function as the watchdog of democracy. This meant the media was expected to keep a check on power, expose wrongdoing, and ensure that the democratic process remained healthy. But the role went further.

The media was also called upon to spread the spirit of self-reliance and national development among the people. In a country that had just emerged from colonial rule, this was a crucial task. The media was to inform citizens about the various developmental efforts being undertaken by the government — building dams, factories, schools, and hospitals. It was a channel through which the state could communicate its plans and progress to the masses.

Beyond economic development, the media was actively encouraged to fight against oppressive social practices. This was a direct, reformist mission. The media was expected to campaign against:

• Untouchability
• Child marriages
• The ostracism of widows
• Beliefs in witchcraft and faith healing

The goal was to promote a rational, scientific ethos — the mindset needed to build a modern industrial society. Superstition and regressive customs were seen as obstacles to progress, and the media was to help clear them away. …