Q.(a) Describe the role which India has played as an important member of World Trade Organisation (WTO).
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🔒 Start your 14-day free trial to unlock the full solution →Part (a)Concept understanding — Current Account Deficit
The Current Account Deficit: Spending More Than You Earn, But With a Country
Think of your monthly allowance. If you spend ₹2,000 but only earn ₹1,500, you have a deficit of ₹500. You cover that gap by borrowing from a friend or dipping into savings. A country does the same thing on a massive scale — that's the Current Account Deficit (CAD).
The Everyday Intuition
A country's current account is like its income-and-expenditure diary with the rest of the world. It records three main things:
- Goods (exports and imports of physical items — phones, wheat, oil)
- Services (IT exports, tourism, shipping)
- Transfers (money sent home by workers abroad, foreign aid)
When the total money flowing out for imports, services, and transfers exceeds the money flowing in from exports, services, and transfers, you have a deficit. The country is a net borrower from the world.
A deficit is not automatically "bad." It means the country is consuming or investing more than it produces — which can be fine if the borrowed money goes into productive assets (factories, roads) that generate future income.
The Precise Definition (NCERT Style)
The current account is part of the Balance of Payments (BoP) — the record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world.
Current Account Balance=(X−M)+(Xservices−Mservices)+Net Transfers+Net Income
Where:
- X = Exports of goods
- M = Imports of goods
- Xservices = Exports of services (e.g., Indian IT firms selling software to the US)
- Mservices = Imports of services (e.g., Indians using Netflix)
- Net Transfers = Money received from abroad minus money sent abroad (e.g., remittances from Indians working in the Gulf)
- Net Income = Earnings from investments abroad minus payments to foreign investors (e.g., dividends paid to a Japanese company that owns a factory in India)
If this total is negative, the country has a Current Account Deficit.
Why It Matters (The "So What?")
A CAD must be financed. How? By borrowing from abroad or selling assets to foreigners. This shows up on the other side of the BoP — the Capital Account. If a country runs a CAD of 50billion,itmustattract50 billion of foreign investment (FDI, FII, loans) to balance the books.
Three things to watch:
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Sustainability — A small CAD (say 2-3% of GDP) is normal for a growing economy like India. A large, persistent CAD (5%+ of GDP) signals trouble: the country is living beyond its means and may struggle to repay.
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Currency pressure — To finance a CAD, the country needs foreign currency (dollars). High demand for dollars can weaken the rupee. A weaker rupee makes imports costlier (inflation) but helps exports.
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The J-Curve effect — When the rupee depreciates, the trade deficit often worsens initially before improving. Why? Imports are priced in dollars and become more expensive in rupees immediately, while export volumes take time to respond. The graph of the trade balance over time looks like a "J" — dipping first, then rising. …
Part (b)Concept understanding — Features Of Capitalism
Let’s start with something you already know. Imagine a market where anyone can set up a shop, sell whatever they want, at whatever price they choose, and keep all the profit after paying their costs. No one tells them what to sell or how much to charge. If their product is good, customers come; if it’s bad, they shut down. That’s the raw feel of capitalism.
Now, the precise meaning. In economics, capitalism (also called a market economy or free enterprise system) is an economic system where:
- Private property is the foundation. Individuals and firms own the means of production — land, factories, machines, raw materials. The state does not own these.
- Profit motive drives decisions. Producers produce not out of charity, but to earn profit. Consumers buy what gives them the most satisfaction (utility).
- Price mechanism allocates resources. Prices rise and fall based on demand and supply. A high price signals “produce more”; a low price signals “produce less.” No central planner decides.
- Freedom of enterprise means anyone can start a business, choose an occupation, and enter or exit any industry.
- Competition among sellers keeps prices in check and quality up. Firms that cannot compete efficiently go bankrupt.
The NCERT Class 12 textbook (Introductory Macroeconomics) does not give a formula for capitalism itself — it is a qualitative institutional framework. However, capitalism’s functioning is captured by the circular flow of income model, which has a simple identity:
Y=C+I+G+(X−M)
where Y = national income, C = consumption expenditure, I = investment expenditure, G = government spending, X = exports, M = imports. This identity shows how spending by households, firms, government, and foreigners generates income in a capitalist economy.
Why does this matter? Because capitalism answers the three fundamental economic questions — what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce — through the price system rather than government decree. In a capitalist system, consumers are “king”: their spending votes decide which goods survive. Firms that fail to satisfy consumers lose money and exit. …
Part (a)
Role of India in the World Trade Organisation (WTO): India is a founder-member of the WTO (1995) and has been an active, influential voice, especially of the developing world.
- India has pressed for a fair, rule-based multilateral trading system and for lower barriers on services and agriculture where developing countries are competitive.
- It has led coalitions of developing nations to secure special and differential treatment, protect food security (public stockholding for the poor), and resist rich-country farm subsidies. …
Part (a): India is a founder-member of the WTO and an active champion of a fair rule-based system and of developing-country interests in agriculture, services and food security, using the dispute-settlement mechanism to defend itself. Part (b): industrial licensing sought planned, balanced, monopoly-free growth but degenerated into the licence–permit raj — red tape, corruption and inefficiency — and was dismantled in 1991.
Part (a)
India's role in the World Trade Organisation
India has been a founder-member of the WTO since its formation in 1995 and one of the most active members from the developing world.
- Champion of a fair, rule-based multilateral system. India supports binding, transparent trade rules and has pushed for greater market access in services (where it is competitive, e.g., IT and movement of professionals) and for fairer treatment of agriculture.
- Leadership of developing-country coalitions. India has led groups of developing and least-developed countries to demand special and differential treatment, reduction of rich-country agricultural subsidies, and a permanent solution on public stockholding for food security — protecting the interests of its poor farmers and consumers.
- Use of the dispute-settlement mechanism. India both defends its measures and challenges unfair practices of trading partners through the WTO's dispute machinery, while adhering to core principles such as most-favoured-nation and national treatment. …
Showing the 12 most recent of 64 on this concept.
- CBSE 2026Set 58/1/11 markMCQQ.Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option from those given below : Assertion (A) : Unilateral Transfers are recorded in the Current Account of the Balance of Payments (BoP) of a nation. Reason (R) : Capital account records transactions which cause a change in the assets or liabilities of the country. Options : (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
›Reveal solutionSolution
Both the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are true statements regarding the Balance of Payments. However, the Reason (R) defines the Capital Account and does not explain why Unilateral Transfers are recorded in the Current Account.
The Balance of Payments (BoP) is a comprehensive record of all economic transactions between the residents of a country and the rest of the world over a specific period, typically a year. It is divided into two main accounts: the Current Account and the Capital Account. Understanding what each account records is crucial for analyzing a nation's international economic position.
Let's examine Assertion (A): Unilateral Transfers are recorded in the Current Account of the Balance of Payments (BoP) of a nation.
Unilateral transfers are one-sided transactions, meaning they involve no quid pro quo (no return payment or obligation). These include gifts, remittances (money sent by residents working abroad to their home country), grants, and donations. Since these transfers do not create any future claims or liabilities, they are considered current transactions. The Current Account records the flow of goods, services, income, and these unilateral transfers. Therefore, Assertion (A) is true.
Now, let's look at Reason (R): Capital account records transactions which cause a change in the assets or liabilities of the country.
The Capital Account records all international transactions that involve a resident country's assets or liabilities. These transactions create future claims or obligations. Examples include foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign institutional investment (FII), external commercial borrowings (ECBs), loans from international financial institutions, and changes in foreign exchange reserves. When a country borrows from abroad, its liabilities increase; when it invests abroad, its assets increase. These are capital transactions. Therefore, Reason (R) is also true. …
- CBSE 2026Set 58/3/11 markMCQQ.Read the following statements carefully : Statement I : Trade in services includes both factor income and non-factor income transactions. Statement II : Current Account includes transactions related to goods, services and unilateral transfers. In the light of the given statements, choose the correct option from the following : (A) Statement I is true and Statement II is false. (B) Statement I is false and Statement II is true. (C) Both Statements I and II are true. (D) Both Statements I and II are false.
›Reveal solutionSolution
Statement I is false because trade in services covers only non-factor income, while Statement II is true as the current account includes goods, services, and unilateral transfers.
To understand why, we need to step back and look at how a country’s balance of payments is structured. The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world during a given period. It has two main accounts: the current account and the capital account.
The current account records transactions that arise from the exchange of goods, services, and unilateral transfers. Goods are tangible items like machinery or rice. Services are intangible — think of tourism, shipping, or consulting. Unilateral transfers are one-way payments, such as remittances from workers abroad or foreign aid. So Statement II is spot on: the current account does indeed include goods, services, and unilateral transfers. That part is correct.
Now, Statement I talks about “trade in services.” In the NCERT framework, trade in services is a subset of the current account. But here’s the crucial distinction: services in the current account are only those that are non-factor in nature. What does that mean? Factor income refers to earnings from factors of production — primarily labour and capital. For example, interest earned on foreign bonds or dividends from shares abroad is factor income. These are recorded under a separate head called “income” in the current account, not under “services.” Services in the trade account are strictly non-factor services — like travel, insurance, or software development.
ImportantTrade in services in the current account excludes factor income. Factor income (like interest, dividends, and profits) is recorded separately under “income” in the current account, not under “services.” …
- CBSE 2026Set MARCH1 markMCQQ.Which one of the following is not a component of current account of balance of payments?(a) Investment(b) Trade in goods(c) Trade in services(d) Transfer payments
›Reveal solutionSolution
Investment is a capital-account item, not part of the current account, so the answer is (a).
…
- CBSE 2026Set MARCH1 markQ.Fill in the blanks by choosing correct answers from the bracket. (Isoquant / Mixed / Investment / Transactions / Perfect Competition / Opposite) In reality, all economies are __________ economies.
›Reveal solutionSolution
The correct word from the bracket is Mixed — in reality all economies are mixed economies.
A capitalist economy leaves production and distribution entirely to private enterprise driven by the profit motive, while a centrally planned (socialist) economy leaves them to the government. Both are theoretical extremes. In practice, every economy has both a private sector and a government that provides …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Which of the following included in the invisible item? A) Non-factor services B) Income C) Transfers D) All of the above
›Reveal solutionSolution
Invisibles include non-factor services, income and transfers alike, so the answer is D.
In the current account of the balance of payments, 'invisibles' are transactions that do not involve trade in physical goods. They comprise: (i) non-factor services such as shipping, banking and software; (ii) factor income such as interest, profit and dividends; and (iii) current transfers such as remittances and gifts. Since all thre …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Which of the following is an example of trade barriers? A) Subsidies B) Circular flow C) Tariffs D) Forex rate
›Reveal solutionSolution
Tariffs are a trade barrier, so the answer is C.
Trade barriers are government-imposed restrictions on the free flow of goods between countries. A tariff is a tax levied on imported goods, which raises their price and discourages imports — a textbook trade barrier (along with quotas). Subsidies are financial assistance, the circular flow is a model of inco …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Fill in the blank: ________ account records all international transactions of assets.
›Reveal solutionSolution
The blank is filled by 'Capital' (capital account).
The balance of payments has two main accounts. The current account records trade in goods, services, income and transfers, while the capital account records all international transactions in assets — such as loans, investments (FDI/FII), banking capital and changes in foreign-exchange reserve …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markQ.When does a surplus situations occur in the balance of trade?
›Reveal solutionSolution
A balance-of-trade surplus occurs when exports of goods exceed imports of goods.
The balance of trade (BOT) is the difference between the value of a country's exports of goods (merchandise) and its imports of goods. A surplus (favourable balance of trade) arises when the value of exports is greater than the value of imports, so BOT is positive. If imports exceed exports, the balance of trade is in deficit. (Note: the balance of trade …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Write any one feature of market economy.
›Reveal solutionSolution
A market economy's central feature is that production and distribution are decided by market forces of demand and supply.
In a market (capitalist) economy, the central economic questions — what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce — are settled not by any central authority but by the free interaction of buyers and sellers through the price mechanism. Other features include private ownership of the means of production, freedom of enterprise and the profit motive. Writing any one of these is enough; the most fundamental is decision-making through the forces of de …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Balance of trade equals(a) Exports less imports(b) Exports of goods less imports of goods(c) Exports of services less imports of services(d) None of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
Balance of trade = exports of goods − imports of goods (visible items only), so the answer is (b).
The balance of trade (also called the balance of visible trade) records only the export and import of goods (visible, tangible items). It is the difference between the value of a country's exports of goods and its imports of goods. If exports of goods exceed imports of goods, there is a trade surplus; if imports exceed exports, a trade deficit. (Services are invisible ite …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markQ.In which economic system there is co-existance of private as well as public sectors?
›Reveal solutionSolution
A Mixed Economy has both private and public sectors co-existing and operating together.
Economic systems range from a pure Market (Capitalist) Economy, where private ownership and the price mechanism alone organise all economic activity, to a pure Centrally Planned (Socialist) Economy, where the government owns resources and plans all production. A Mixed Economy sits between these two: both PRIVATE firms/individuals (responding to market price signals) and PUBLIC SECTOR enterprises/government direction (responding to planned, socially-directed goals) actively participate in production and resource allocation. India, for much of its post-independence hist …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The component(s) of a Balance of Payment is/are :(a) Current Account(b) Capital Account(c) Both(i) and(ii)(d) None of these(a) Current Account(b) Capital Account(c) Both(i) and(ii)(d) None of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
BOP has both a Current Account and a Capital Account — not either one alone.
The Balance of Payments is a comprehensive statement, and it is split into: (i) the Current Account, which records trade in goods (visible items/Balance of Trade), trade in services (invisible items), and income plus unilateral transfer flows (interest, profit, dividends, remittances, gifts); and (ii) the Capital Account, which records transactions involving assets and liabilities — foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, external borrowing/lending, and changes in the country's foreign exchange reserves. Both accounts toge …
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