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Q.Evaluate: ∫0πsin⁡2026xsin⁡2026x+cos⁡2026x dx\int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{\sin^{2026} x}{\sin^{2026} x + \cos^{2026} x}\, dx

CBSECBSE Class XII Board 2026Subjective· 3mImportance★★★★★
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This integral is solved by applying definite integral properties. First, we use symmetry to change the limits from 00 to π\pi to 00 to π/2\pi/2. Then, we apply the King's property to the new integral, which allows us to combine two forms of the integral, simplifying the integrand to 11. The final value is π2\boxed{\frac{\pi}{2}}.

The problem asks us to evaluate a definite integral. Integrals of this form, with limits from 00 to π\pi or 00 to π/2\pi/2, and involving trigonometric functions like sin⁡x\sin x and cos⁡x\cos x raised to powers, are classic candidates for using properties of definite integrals. The core idea is to exploit symmetry to simplify the integrand or the limits of integration.

We will use two key properties:

  1. The King's Property: ∫0af(x)dx=∫0af(a−x)dx\int_0^a f(x) dx = \int_0^a f(a-x) dx. This property is incredibly useful when f(x)+f(a−x)f(x) + f(a-x) simplifies to a constant or a simpler function.
  2. Symmetry Property for 00 to 2a2a limits: ∫02af(x)dx=2∫0af(x)dx\int_0^{2a} f(x) dx = 2 \int_0^a f(x) dx if f(2a−x)=f(x)f(2a-x) = f(x). This property allows us to halve the integration interval if the function exhibits symmetry around the midpoint of the interval.

Let's apply these properties step-by-step.

  1. Define the integral and identify the integrand: Let the given integral be II.

I=∫0πsin⁡2026xsin⁡2026x+cos⁡2026x dxI = \int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{\sin^{2026} x}{\sin^{2026} x + \cos^{2026} x}\, dx

Let $f(x) = \frac{\sin^{2026} x}{\sin^{2026} x + \cos^{2026} x}$. The limits are from $0$ to $\pi$. This is of the form $0$ to $2a$, where $2a = \pi$, so $a = \pi/2$.

2. Check for symmetry using f(2a−x)=f(π−x)f(2a-x) = f(\pi-x):

We evaluate f(π−x)f(\pi-x):

f(π−x)=sin⁡2026(π−x)sin⁡2026(π−x)+cos⁡2026(π−x)f(\pi-x) = \frac{\sin^{2026} (\pi-x)}{\sin^{2026} (\pi-x) + \cos^{2026} (\pi-x)}

Using the trigonometric identities $\sin(\pi-x) = \sin x$ and $\cos(\pi-x) = -\cos x$:

f(π−x)=(sin⁡x)2026(sin⁡x)2026+(−cos⁡x)2026f(\pi-x) = \frac{(\sin x)^{2026}}{(\sin x)^{2026} + (-\cos x)^{2026}}

Since $2026$ is an even power, $(-\cos x)^{2026} = \cos^{2026} x$.

f(π−x)=sin⁡2026xsin⁡2026x+cos⁡2026xf(\pi-x) = \frac{\sin^{2026} x}{\sin^{2026} x + \cos^{2026} x}

Thus, we find that $f(\pi-x) = f(x)$.

3. Apply the symmetry property to change the limits:

Since f(π−x)=f(x)f(\pi-x) = f(x), we can use the property ∫02af(x)dx=2∫0af(x)dx\int_0^{2a} f(x) dx = 2 \int_0^a f(x) dx. Here, 2a=π2a = \pi, so a=π/2a = \pi/2.

I=2∫0π/2sin⁡2026xsin⁡2026x+cos⁡2026x dxI = 2 \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{\sin^{2026} x}{\sin^{2026} x + \cos^{2026} x}\, dx

  1. Apply the King's Property to the new integral: Let I1=∫0π/2sin⁡2026xsin⁡2026x+cos⁡2026x dxI_1 = \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{\sin^{2026} x}{\sin^{2026} x + \cos^{2026} x}\, dx. Now, the limits are from 00 to π/2\pi/2. We apply the King's Property ∫0af(x)dx=∫0af(a−x)dx\int_0^a f(x) dx = \int_0^a f(a-x) dx with a=π/2a = \pi/2.

I1=∫0π/2sin⁡2026(π/2−x)sin⁡2026(π/2−x)+cos⁡2026(π/2−x) dxI_1 = \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{\sin^{2026} (\pi/2-x)}{\sin^{2026} (\pi/2-x) + \cos^{2026} (\pi/2-x)}\, dx

Using the trigonometric identities $\sin(\pi/2-x) = \cos x$ and $\cos(\pi/2-x) = \sin x$:

I1=∫0π/2cos⁡2026xcos⁡2026x+sin⁡2026x dx(Equation 2)I_1 = \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{\cos^{2026} x}{\cos^{2026} x + \sin^{2026} x}\, dx \quad \text{(Equation 2)}

Let's call the original form of $I_1$ as Equation 1:

I1=∫0π/2sin⁡2026xsin⁡2026x+cos⁡2026x dx(Equation 1)I_1 = \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{\sin^{2026} x}{\sin^{2026} x + \cos^{2026} x}\, dx \quad \text{(Equation 1)}

  1. Add the two forms of I1I_1: Adding Equation 1 and Equation 2: …

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