Q.State the standard steps a front-end follows to connect to a back-end database and run a query.

Whatever tools are used, connectivity always follows the same fixed sequence.

Connecting a front-end to a back-end and running a query follows a standard six-step sequence, whatever the tools:

1. Load / prepare the driver for the database being used — the driver translates between the program and the database.
2. Open a connection to the database, supplying the connection details: its location and the login user name and password.
3. Prepare a statement — the SQL command to be run (for example a SELECT or an INSERT).
4. Execute the statement — send it to the database. A query that reads data returns a result set (the rows found); a statement that changes data returns the number of rows affected.
5. Process the result — the front-end reads the returned rows one by one and displays them (or confirms the change).
6. Close the connection when the work is done, to free resources. …

Forgetting to close the connection, or mixing up the order. The connection must be opened before a statement can be executed, and …