Q.Discuss the main drawbacks of our health care system. Discuss the major public health care measures undertaken by the government in recent years to control diseases.

India's healthcare system is held back by thin rural infrastructure, staff shortages and low spending, which the government has tried to address through schemes like Ayushman Bharat and the National Health Mission; separately (OR), unemployment is involuntary joblessness among the employable, and in India it has structural roots in population pressure, agricultural seasonality, and slow non-farm job creation.

Part 1 — Drawbacks of the healthcare system and government measures:

Main drawbacks:

1. Inadequate rural health infrastructure: Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Community Health Centres (CHCs) are often understaffed, poorly equipped, and too few relative to population, forcing rural patients to travel long distances for even basic care.
2. Shortage of doctors, nurses and paramedical staff, especially in rural and remote areas, with most qualified medical professionals concentrated in cities.
3. Low public expenditure on health: India's public health spending as a share of GDP has historically been much lower than in many comparable countries, pushing a large share of healthcare costs onto households as out-of-pocket expenditure.
4. Urban-rural and income inequities: access to quality healthcare (specialist care, diagnostics, hospital beds) is heavily skewed toward urban and higher-income populations.
5. Over-reliance on costly private healthcare: due to gaps in public provision, many households depend on expensive private hospitals/clinics, pushing some families into poverty due to medical expenses (a phenomenon sometimes called medical poverty trap).
6. Persistence of communicable diseases alongside rising non-communicable diseases, creating a 'double burden' of disease that strains limited healthcare capacity.

Major recent public healthcare measures:

• Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY): provides health insurance cover to economically vulnerable families for secondary/tertiary hospitalisation, alongside Health and Wellness Centres for primary care.
• National Health Mission (NHM): aims to strengthen rural (and later urban) health systems, improve maternal and child health outcomes, and reduce infant/maternal mortality.
• Universal Immunisation Programme (Mission Indradhanush): aims to vaccinate all children and pregnant women against major vaccine-preventable diseases.
• National disease-control programmes: targeted programmes against tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other communicable diseases.
• Investment in medical education and AIIMS-like institutions: to expand the supply of trained doctors and specialists, especially outside major metros.

Part 2 (OR) — Meaning and causes of unemployment in India:

Meaning: Unemployment refers to a situation in which persons who are willing and able to work at the prevailing wage rate are unable to find work. In India, this takes various forms — open unemployment, disguised unemployment (particularly in agriculture, where more people are engaged than genuinely needed), seasonal unemployment (in agriculture, during the lean farming season), and structural unemployment (arising from a mismatch between workers' skills and available jobs).

Causes of unemployment in India:

1. Rapid population growth: the labour force grows faster than the economy's capacity to create new jobs. …