Question of 117
Q.(i) What is immunity?
(ii) Name the types of immunity.
(iii) Write the chemical nature of an antibody.
(iv) Draw a well labelled diagram of an antibody molecule.
Jharkhand JacJAC Intermediate Board 2026Subjective· 5mImportance★★★★★
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Immunity is the body's overall protective capability, broadly divided into innate and acquired types, with antibodies (Y-shaped glycoprotein tetramers) being a key tool of acquired immunity.
- What is immunity? Immunity is the overall ability of the body's defence mechanisms to combat the ability of pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.) or other foreign substances to invade the body and cause disease.
- Types of immunity:
- Innate immunity — a non-specific type of defence present from birth, comprising physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), physiological barriers (acidic stomach pH, saliva, tears), cellular barriers (WBCs like neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells), and cytokine barriers (interferons).
- Acquired (adaptive) immunity — a specific, pathogen-directed response that improves on repeated exposure, mediated by lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells) and characterised by specificity and memory. It is further divided into:
- Active immunity — the body itself produces antibodies in response to an antigen (e.g., after natural infection or vaccination); slower to develop but long-lasting.
- Passive immunity — ready-made antibodies are directly given to the body (e.g., via colostrum, or antibody injections); acts immediately but is short-lived.
(iii) Chemical nature of an antibody: Antibodies are glycoproteins — specifically, they belong to a class of proteins called immunoglobulins (Ig).
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