What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85 g of NaCl(s) per 500 mL? (i) 4mol L⁻¹ (ii) 20mol

NCERT Exemplar · Q3

Q. What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85 g of NaCl(s) per 500 mL?

(i)

4\ \text{mol L}^{-1}

(ii)

20\ \text{mol L}^{-1}

(iii)

0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}

(iv)

2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}

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Concept understanding — Molality Calculation

Molality: The Concentration That Ignores Temperature

Imagine you're making a cup of sweet tea. You add sugar to hot water, stir, and taste. If you let the tea cool to room temperature, the amount of sugar hasn't changed — but the volume of the liquid has shrunk slightly. If you measured concentration as "grams of sugar per litre of solution," that number would change just because the temperature changed. That's annoying if you're a chemist who needs a reliable, temperature-independent way to describe how much solute is present.

Molality was invented to solve exactly this problem.

The Intuition

Instead of measuring the volume of the solution (which expands and contracts with temperature), molality measures the mass of the solvent. Mass doesn't change with temperature. So molality gives you a concentration that stays the same whether your solution is hot or cold.

Think of it this way:

Molarity = moles of solute per litre of solution (temperature-sensitive)
Molality = moles of solute per kilogram of solvent (temperature-independent)

The solvent is the substance doing the dissolving — usually water. The solute is what gets dissolved — sugar, salt, etc.

The Precise Definition

\text{Molality } (m) = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{kilograms of solvent}}

The symbol for molality is a lowercase m (not to be confused with M for molarity).

Key points to remember:

The denominator is solvent mass, not solution mass
The unit is mol/kg (often written as simply "m")
It is independent of temperature because mass doesn't change with temperature

Worked Example

Problem: 36 g of glucose ( $C_6H_{12}O_6$ , molar mass = 180 g/mol) is dissolved in 500 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution.

Step 1: Find moles of solute

\text{Moles of glucose} = \frac{36 \text{ g}}{180 \text{ g/mol}} = 0.2 \text{ mol}

Step 2: Convert solvent mass to kilograms

500 \text{ g} = 0.5 \text{ kg}

Step 3: Apply the formula

m = \frac{0.2 \text{ mol}}{0.5 \text{ kg}} = 0.4 \text{ m}

Note

The answer is 0.4 m (or 0.4 mol/kg). Notice we used the mass of water (500 g), not the mass of the solution (which would be 536 g).

Common Mistake to Avoid

Watch out

Do not use the mass of the solution in the denominator. The formula specifically asks for the mass of the solvent alone. If the problem gives you the total mass of the solution, subtract the mass of the solute to find the solvent mass.

When Do You Use Molality?

Molality is the star in two important situations:

Colligative properties — properties like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression depend on the number of solute particles per mass of solvent, not per volume. Molality is the natural choice here.
Temperature-varying experiments — if you're working at different temperatures, molality keeps your concentration constant while molarity would drift.

Quick Comparison: Molarity vs Molality

Property	Molarity (M)	Molality (m)
Definition	moles solute / L solution	moles solute / kg solvent
Depends on temperature?	Yes (volume changes)	No (mass is constant)
Common unit	mol/L	mol/kg
Best used for	Room-temp reactions, titrations	Colligative properties, temperature studies

Final Takeaway

Molality is the concentration measure that stays honest when temperature changes. It's moles of solute per kilogram of solvent — and that's the whole story. Once you remember that the denominator is solvent mass, not solution volume, you've got it.

"Molality formula and calculation examples" and "molarity vs molality class 12 chemistry" are frequently searched terms, both grounded in the Solutions chapter of the NCERT/CBSE Class 12 Chemistry curriculum. Molality-based numericals are a near-guaranteed question type in board exams and JEE Main colligative-properties problems.

Why this formula?

Molality Calculation: Why the Formula Works

Molality is a measure of concentration that is temperature-independent — this is its key advantage over molarity. Let's understand why the formula takes the form it does.

The Definition First

Molality ( $m$ ) is defined as:

m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{mass of solvent in kg}}

The unit is mol/kg, often written as m (e.g., 0.5 m glucose solution).

Why Mass of Solvent, Not Solution?

This is the critical conceptual point.

The Reasoning

Molarity uses volume of solution → volume changes with temperature (expansion/contraction). So molarity changes with temperature.
Molality uses mass of solvent → mass is invariant with temperature. So molality remains constant regardless of temperature changes.

Key insight: By using the solvent's mass (not the solution's volume), we eliminate temperature dependence. This is why molality is preferred for colligative properties (boiling point elevation, freezing point depression) — these properties depend on the number of solute particles, not on temperature.

Deriving the Formula Step-by-Step

Step 1: Moles of Solute

If you have $w_{\text{solute}}$ grams of solute with molar mass $M_{\text{solute}}$ (g/mol):

\text{moles of solute} = \frac{w_{\text{solute}}}{M_{\text{solute}}}

Step 2: Mass of Solvent in kg

If the solvent mass is $W_{\text{solvent}}$ grams:

\text{mass of solvent in kg} = \frac{W_{\text{solvent}}}{1000}

Step 3: Putting It Together

m = \frac{\frac{w_{\text{solute}}}{M_{\text{solute}}}}{\frac{W_{\text{solvent}}}{1000}}

Simplifying:

m = \frac{w_{\text{solute}} \times 1000}{M_{\text{solute}} \times W_{\text{solvent}}}

The Final Formula (Exam-Ready)

\boxed{m = \frac{w_{\text{solute}} \times 1000}{M_{\text{solute}} \times W_{\text{solvent}}}}

Where:

$w_{\text{solute}}$ = mass of solute in grams
$M_{\text{solute}}$ = molar mass of solute in g/mol
$W_{\text{solvent}}$ = mass of solvent in grams

Why the ×1000 Factor?

Because molality requires solvent mass in kg, but we usually measure it in grams. The factor 1000 converts grams to kilograms:

1 \text{ kg} = 1000 \text{ g}

So if solvent mass is in grams, we multiply by 1000 to get the correct denominator in kg.

Common Mistake to Avoid

Do not use the mass of the solution (solute + solvent) in the denominator. The formula specifically requires mass of solvent only.

Example: If you dissolve 10 g NaCl in 90 g water, the solvent mass is 90 g, not 100 g.

Quick Check: Why This Matters in Exams

In problems involving:

Freezing point depression: $\Delta T_f = K_f \times m$
Boiling point elevation: $\Delta T_b = K_b \times m$

You must use molality, not molarity. The formula above is how you calculate $m$ from given masses.

Bottom line: Molality = moles of solute per kg of solvent. The ×1000 factor is just a unit conversion. The real conceptual leap is understanding why we use solvent mass — for temperature independence.

Molarity is moles of solute per litre of solution. For 5.85 g NaCl in 500 mL, moles = 0.1, volume in litres = 0.5, so molarity = 0.2 mol L⁻¹. The correct option is (iii).

Molarity is a measure of concentration: it tells you how many moles of solute are dissolved in one litre of the entire solution (not the solvent). The formula is:

\text{Molarity (M)} = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{volume of solution in litres}}

The key here is to convert the given mass into moles, and the given volume into litres, then divide.

Find moles of NaCl. The molar mass of NaCl is $23 + 35.5 = 58.5\ \text{g mol}^{-1}$ . Given mass = 5.85 g.

\text{Moles} = \frac{5.85}{58.5} = 0.1\ \text{mol}

Convert volume to litres. Volume given = 500 mL.

500\ \text{mL} = 0.5\ \text{L}

Calculate molarity.

\text{Molarity} = \frac{0.1\ \text{mol}}{0.5\ \text{L}} = 0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}

Watch out

A common mistake is to forget to convert mL to L. If you used 500 directly, you'd get $0.1/500 = 0.0002$ , which is not among the options — but if you mistakenly used 500 as litres, you'd get $0.1/500 = 0.0002$ again, or worse, if you inverted, you'd get 5000. Always check: molarity of a dilute salt solution is small, around 0.1–1 M, not 4 or 20 M.

Tip

Notice that 5.85 g is exactly 0.1 times the molar mass (58.5 g). So you can think: "0.1 mole in half a litre" → double it to get moles per litre: $0.1 \times 2 = 0.2$ M. This mental shortcut saves time in exams.

✓Final answer

\boxed{0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}}

Common Mistakes in Molality/Molarity Calculation

This question tests molarity (not molality). The correct answer is (iii) $0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}$ .

Here are the most frequent errors students make:

1. Confusing Molarity with Molality

Mistake: Using mass of solvent instead of volume of solution.

Why it happens: The terms sound similar, and both start with "mol-".

How to avoid:

Molarity (M) = moles of solute per litre of solution
Molality (m) = moles of solute per kg of solvent
In this problem, volume is given (500 mL) → it's molarity.

2. Forgetting to Convert Volume to Litres

Mistake: Using 500 directly in the formula.

Example:

$M = \frac{5.85}{58.5 \times 500} = 0.0002$ (wrong)

How to avoid:

Always write the conversion step:

$500\ \text{mL} = 0.5\ \text{L}$

Then:

$M = \frac{\text{moles}}{\text{volume in L}} = \frac{0.1}{0.5} = 0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}$

3. Incorrect Molar Mass of NaCl

Mistake: Using Na = 23, Cl = 35.5 → but adding incorrectly (e.g., 23 + 35 = 58).

Result: Wrong mole count.

How to avoid:

Na = 23 g/mol, Cl = 35.5 g/mol
Molar mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g/mol
Moles of NaCl = $\frac{5.85}{58.5} = 0.1\ \text{mol}$

4. Misreading the Question as Molality

Mistake: Assuming 500 mL is the solvent volume and calculating molality.

Example:

$m = \frac{0.1}{0.5} = 0.2\ \text{mol/kg}$ (coincidentally same number, but wrong concept)

How to avoid:

The question says "per 500 mL" — this is solution volume, not solvent.
For molality, you'd need mass of water (in kg), which is not given.

5. Arithmetic Slip in Final Division

Mistake: $0.1 \div 0.5 = 0.02$ or $2$ instead of $0.2$ .

How to avoid:

Write it as a fraction: $\frac{0.1}{0.5} = \frac{1}{5} = 0.2$
Or multiply numerator and denominator by 10: $\frac{1}{5} = 0.2$

Quick Checklist for Molarity Problems

Step	Action	Example
1	Find molar mass	NaCl = 58.5 g/mol
2	Convert mass to moles	$5.85 \div 58.5 = 0.1$ mol
3	Convert volume to litres	500 mL = 0.5 L
4	Apply formula	$M = 0.1 / 0.5 = 0.2$

Final answer: $\boxed{0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}}$ (Option (iii))

Same / Similar Concept — real previous-year questions on the same or a closely similar concept, not this exact question.

COMEDK 2025Set 2025-A1 markMCQ
$4.25 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4$
›Reveal solutionSolution
Molality is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Given molarity and density, we find the mass of 1 L of solution, subtract the mass of H₂SO₄ to get solvent mass, then compute molality. The result is 5.161 m, so option (C) is correct.

Concept & Intuition

Molality (m) depends on the mass of solvent, not the volume of solution. Molarity (M) gives moles per liter of solution, but the solvent mass is hidden inside the density. The trick: take exactly 1 liter of solution, find its total mass from density, subtract the mass of H₂SO₄ (from moles × molar mass), and you have the solvent mass in kg. Then molality = moles / kg solvent.

Step-by-step solution

Interpret the given data

Molarity of H₂SO₄ = 4.25 M → 4.25 moles per liter of solution.

Density of solution = 1.24 g/mL = 1240 g/L (since 1 mL = 1 g water equivalent, but here it’s the whole solution).

Molar mass of H₂SO₄ = 2(1.008) + 32.06 + 4(16.00) = 98.08 g/mol (we’ll use 98.08).

Mass of 1 liter of solution

$\text{Mass of solution} = 1.24 \ \frac{\text{g}}{\text{mL}} \times 1000 \ \text{mL} = 1240 \ \text{g}$

Mass of H₂SO₄ in 1 liter

$\text{Moles of H₂SO₄} = 4.25 \ \text{mol}$ $\text{Mass of H₂SO₄} = 4.25 \times 98.08 = 416.84 \ \text{g}$

Mass of solvent (water) in 1 liter

$\text{Mass of solvent} = 1240 - 416.84 = 823.16 \ \text{g} = 0.82316 \ \text{kg}$

Calculate molality

$m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{kg of solvent}} = \frac{4.25}{0.82316} \approx 5.161$
Tip

A common shortcut: molality = (molarity × 1000) / (density×1000 – molarity × molar mass). Here that’s (4.25×1000)/(1240 – 4.25×98.08) = 4250/(1240 – 416.84) = 4250/823.16 ≈ 5.161. Same result, fewer steps.

Watch out

A classic mistake is to use the density as if it were the solvent density. Density given is for the solution, not pure water. Always subtract the solute mass to get solvent mass.

✓Final answer
$The correct option is (C) . ANSWER: C$
COMEDK 2025Set 2025-E1 markMCQ
$Q.The mole fraction of an unknown solute in 1560 g of Benzene is 0.5 . What is the molality of the solution? (M. M of Benzene:78 amu) (A) 12.8 (B) 10.3 (C) 3.25 (D) 16.9$
›Reveal solutionSolution
The key idea is to use the definition of mole fraction to find the moles of solute, then divide by the mass of solvent in kg. The molality is 12.8 m, so the correct option is (A).

Concept and Intuition

Mole fraction tells us the ratio of moles of one component to the total moles in the mixture. Here, the mole fraction of solute is 0.5, meaning the solute and solvent have equal moles. Since we know the mass of benzene (solvent) and its molar mass, we can find the moles of benzene, then the moles of solute, and finally the molality (moles of solute per kg of solvent). The trap is forgetting to convert grams to kilograms for molality.

Step-by-step solution

Find moles of benzene (solvent) Mass of benzene = 1560 g Molar mass of benzene (C₆H₆) = 78 g/mol

$n_{\text{benzene}} = \frac{1560 \text{ g}}{78 \text{ g/mol}} = 20 \text{ mol}$

Use mole fraction to find moles of solute Mole fraction of solute, $X_{\text{solute}} = 0.5$ By definition:

$X_{\text{solute}} = \frac{n_{\text{solute}}}{n_{\text{solute}} + n_{\text{benzene}}}$
Substitute known values:
$0.5 = \frac{n_{\text{solute}}}{n_{\text{solute}} + 20}$
Multiply both sides by $n_{\text{solute}} + 20$ :
$0.5(n_{\text{solute}} + 20) = n_{\text{solute}}$ $0.5 n_{\text{solute}} + 10 = n_{\text{solute}}$ $10 = 0.5 n_{\text{solute}} \quad \Rightarrow \quad n_{\text{solute}} = 20 \text{ mol}$

Calculate molality Molality (m) = moles of solute per kilogram of solvent Mass of benzene in kg = $1560 \text{ g} = 1.560 \text{ kg}$

$m = \frac{20 \text{ mol}}{1.560 \text{ kg}} \approx 12.82 \text{ m}$
Rounded to one decimal place: 12.8 m.

Watch out

A common mistake is to forget that molality uses kilograms of solvent, not grams. Using 1560 g directly would give 20/1560 ≈ 0.0128, which is off by a factor of 1000.

Tip

When mole fraction is exactly 0.5, the moles of solute and solvent are equal. So once you find moles of benzene (20 mol), you immediately know moles of solute is also 20 mol — no algebra needed!

✓Final answer
$The correct option is (A). ANSWER: A$
COMEDK 2024Set 2024-E1 markMCQ
$4.5 \mathrm{~M}$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Take $1\ \mathrm{L}$ of solution: it holds $4.5$ mol $\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$ in $(1280-441)=839\ \mathrm{g}$ water, giving molality $\approx 5.36\ m$ .

Molar mass of $\mathrm{H_2SO_4} = 98\ \mathrm{g/mol}$ . Consider $1\ \mathrm{L}$ of the $4.5\ \mathrm{M}$ solution.

Mass of solution:
$1.28\ \mathrm{g/mL} \times 1000\ \mathrm{mL} = 1280\ \mathrm{g}$
Mass of $\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$ :
$4.5\ \mathrm{mol} \times 98\ \mathrm{g/mol} = 441\ \mathrm{g}$
Mass of solvent (water):
$1280 - 441 = 839\ \mathrm{g} = 0.839\ \mathrm{kg}$
Molality:
$m = \frac{4.5\ \mathrm{mol}}{0.839\ \mathrm{kg}} = 5.364\ m$
✓Final answer
$= 5.364\ m$
COMEDK 2023Set 2023-E1 markMCQ
$5 \mathrm{~m}$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Mole fraction of solute: x_solute = 5 / (5 + 55.55) = 5 / 60.55 = 0.0826 ~ 0.082

Concept: molality m = moles of solute per 1 kg (1000 g) of solvent. Convert to mole fraction.

Basis: 1000 g of water.

moles of solute = 5 mol

moles of water = 1000 / 18 = 55.55 mol

Mole fraction of solute:

x_solute = 5 / (5 + 55.55) = 5 / 60.55 = 0.0826 ~ 0.082

✓Final answer
$The correct option is (C) — 0.082$

ANSWER: C
COMEDK 2021Set 20211 markMCQ
$_2$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Molarity = 0.2 / 1 = 0.2 M

Concept: Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in litres.

Molar mass of CaCl2 = 40 + 2(35.5) = 111 g/mol

Moles = 22.2 / 111 = 0.2 mol

Volume = 1 L

Molarity = 0.2 / 1 = 0.2 M

✓Final answer
$The correct option is (A) — 0.2 M$

ANSWER: A

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Q.What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85 g of NaCl(s) per 500 mL?

Concept understanding — Molality Calculation

Molality: The Concentration That Ignores Temperature

The Intuition

The Precise Definition

Worked Example

Common Mistake to Avoid

When Do You Use Molality?

Quick Comparison: Molarity vs Molality

Final Takeaway

Why this formula?

Molality Calculation: Why the Formula Works

The Definition First

Why Mass of Solvent, Not Solution?

The Reasoning

Deriving the Formula Step-by-Step

Step 1: Moles of Solute

Step 2: Mass of Solvent in kg

Step 3: Putting It Together

The Final Formula (Exam-Ready)

Why the ×1000 Factor?

Common Mistake to Avoid

Quick Check: Why This Matters in Exams

Method: Molarity Formula (Direct Substitution)

Steps

Common Mistakes in Molality/Molarity Calculation

1. Confusing Molarity with Molality

2. Forgetting to Convert Volume to Litres

3. Incorrect Molar Mass of NaCl

4. Misreading the Question as Molality

5. Arithmetic Slip in Final Division

Quick Checklist for Molarity Problems

Q.What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85 g of NaCl(s) per 500 mL?

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