Q.Discuss briefly the following:

1. Radioactive wastes Radioactive wastes are generated by nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons production, and the use of radioisotopes in medicine, industry and research. These wastes are especially hazardous because they emit ionising radiation that can cause mutations, cancer and other health effects, and many radioactive isotopes have very long half-lives, remaining dangerous for decades to thousands of years. Their safe management requires careful containment and disposal, generally through deep, secure burial in geologically stable underground repositories, isolated from groundwater and human contact for as long as the material remains hazardous.
2. Defunct ships and e-wastes Ships that reach the end of their working life are dismantled at ship-breaking yards (such as the well-known yard at Alang, Gujarat). These retired ships often contain hazardous materials — asbestos, heavy metals, oils and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) — that pose serious health risks to the workers who dismantle them, often manually and without adequate safety measures, as well as environmental risks from leaching into surrounding soil and coastal waters. Electronic waste (e-waste) refers to discarded electronic and electrical devices such as computers, mobile phones and televisions. These contain valuable but toxic materials, including heavy metals like lead, mercury and cadmium, along with non-biodegradable plastics. When e-waste is processed informally — for example by burning circuit boards to recover metals — it releases toxic fumes and contaminates soil and water. Proper, regulated recycling facilities are needed to recover materials safely and prevent these hazards.
3. Municipal solid wastes …

Treat each of the three sub-parts as an independent short note: state the source of the waste, its specific hazard, and the recommended safe management/disposal approach — keep radioactive waste, defunct-ship/e-waste, an …

• Treating "defunct ships" and "e-wastes" as unrelated to each other rather than noting their shared theme: both contain toxic materials that are dangerous when dismantled/recycled informally. …