Q.If A=125114−2−3−9, find ∣A∣.
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Determinant Evaluation Using Identities
Expanding a 4×4 or 5×5 determinant term by term is painful and error-prone. The smarter route is to transform the determinant into an easy form using properties (the "identities") that change its value in a known, controlled way — then read the answer off a triangular matrix.
The geometric intuition
A determinant measures the signed "volume" of the box spanned by the rows in n-dimensional space. Sliding one row parallel to another doesn't change that volume; swapping two rows flips its sign; scaling a row scales the volume. The algebraic identities are just these facts translated into rules.
The three row (or column) operations
- Swap two rows: det→−det (sign flips).
- Scale a row by k: det→kdet (the factor comes out).
- Add a multiple of one row to a different row (Ri→Ri+λRj, i=j): det unchanged.
The identical rules hold for columns. There is also row-wise linearity: if a row is a sum Ri=Ri′+Ri′′, the determinant splits into the sum of two determinants with all other rows fixed.
Row-wise linearity is not det(A+B)=detA+detB — that is false. The splitting works one row at a time.
The strategy
- Use operation 3 to create zeros in a row or column (value unchanged).
- Factor out common factors with operation 2.
- Swap rows if needed to reach upper-triangular form (track the sign change).
- The determinant is then the product of the diagonal entries.
Worked example
det1472583610.
Apply R2→R2−4R1 and R3→R3−7R1 (no change), then R3→R3−2R2: …
Create zeros in the first column using R2→R2−2R1 and R3→R3−5R1: …
Row-reducing shows rows 2 and 3 become identical, so ∣A∣=0.
The idea
Rather than expand blindly, use the free row operation Ri→Ri−λR1 to make zeros; if two rows end up equal, the determinant is immediately 0.
Reduce the first column
Subtract multiples of R1 from the other rows (this does not change the determinant):
R2→R2−2R1=(0,−1,1),R3→R3−5R1=(0,−1,1).
The determinant becomes
∣A∣=1001−1−1−211. …
Method: Spotting a Zero Determinant via Row Reduction to Identical Rows
A faster alternative to brute-force cofactor expansion when the entries look like they might collapse.
Steps
Step 1: Use row operations to create zeros in one column
Apply Ri→Ri−λR1 for suitable λ to each of the other rows — this never changes the determinant's value.
Step 2: Compare the resulting rows
After reduction, check whether two rows have become identical (or one has become a scalar multiple of another).
Step 3: If so, conclude the determinant is 0 immediately …
Common Mistakes
Mistake 1: Expanding the original (un-reduced) determinant by brute-force cofactors instead of using row operations first
Why it's wrong: this skips the much faster route of spotting that two rows become identical after a simple row reduction, and increases the chance of an arithmetic mistake during full expansion. Correct approach: try Ri→Ri−λR1 first to see if the structure simplifies before expanding anything.
Mistake 2: Making an arithmetic slip in one of the row operations and missing that two rows actually match …
Showing the 12 most recent of 18 on this concept.
- KEAM 2024Set eng-2024-06064 marksMCQQ.Let A=2−11−10−212−1 and let B=∣A∣1A. Then the value of ∣B∣ is equal to (A) 91 (B) 111 (C) 811 (D) 1211 (E) 1
›Reveal solutionSolution
For a 3×3 matrix, scaling by 1/∣A∣ scales the determinant by (1/∣A∣)3. …
- KEAM 2026Set eng-2026-04184 marksMCQQ.Let f(x)=−101x1−132x1. Then the value of f(−1) is equal to (A) 6 (B) -4 (C) -2 (D) 2 (E) 0
›Reveal solutionSolution
At x=−1 the determinant evaluates to 0.
At x=−1 the matrix is −101−11−13−21. Expanding along the first column: …
- KEAM 2024Set eng-2024-06094 marksMCQQ.Let A=(aij) be a square matrix of order 3 and let Mij be the minors of aij. If M11=−40,M12=−10,M13=35 and a11=1,a12=3,a13=−2 then the value of ∣A∣ is equal to (A) -100 (B) -80 (C) 0 (D) 60 (E) 80
›Reveal solutionSolution
Convert minors to cofactors with alternating signs, then expand: ∣A∣=−80.
Cofactors: C11=+M11=−40, C12=−M12=10, C13=+M13=35.
Expanding along the first row: …
- KEAM 2026Set eng-2026-04184 marksMCQQ.Let A and B be two square matrices each of order 3. If ∣AB∣=21 and ∣A−1∣=−7, then the value of ∣B∣ is equal to (A) 3 (B) -3 (C) 147 (D) -63 (E) -147
›Reveal solutionSolution
∣A∣=−1/7, and ∣B∣=∣AB∣/∣A∣=21/(−1/7)=−147.
Since ∣A−1∣=∣A∣1=−7, we have ∣A∣=−71.
Using ∣AB∣=∣A∣∣B∣: …
- KEAM 2022Set eng-2022-P2-B14 marksMCQQ.Let A=[314−2] and let AB=[−5541−13]. Then BT= (A) 141 (B) 14 (C) 10 (D) −10 (E) −14
›Reveal solutionSolution
∣BT∣=14.
Concept and Intuition
Determinants multiply: ∣AB∣=∣A∣∣B∣, and a transpose has the same determinant, ∣BT∣=∣B∣.
Step-by-Step Solution
- ∣A∣=3(−2)−4(1)=−6−4=−10.
- ∣AB∣=(−5)(−13)−(41)(5)=65−205=−140.
- ∣B∣=∣A∣∣AB∣=−10−140=14.
- ∣BT∣=∣B∣=14.
Common Mistakes …
- KEAM 2025Set eng-2025-04284 marksMCQQ.Let Δ=xx+y1yy+1x1x+1y. If x+y=−1, then the value of Δ is equal to (A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0 (E) -3
›Reveal solutionSolution
Expanding Δ and substituting x+y=−1, every term reduces to 0 because it carries a factor x+y+1=0.
Expanding along the first row:
Δ=x[(y+1)y−(x+1)x]−y[(x+y)y−(x+1)]+[(x+y)x−(y+1)].
With x+y=−1:
- First term: x[(y2−x2)+(y−x)]=x(y−x)(x+y+1)=x(y−x)(0)=0. …
- KEAM 2021Set eng-2021-P2-B14 marksMCQQ.Let x−1212x−1x+212x−1=ax3+bx2+cx+d, where a,b,c and d are constants. Then the value of d is (A) −8 (B) 6 (C) 0 (D) −6 (E) 16
›Reveal solutionSolution
Setting x=0 gives the constant term d=16.
Concept and Intuition
Writing the determinant as ax3+bx2+cx+d, the constant d equals the value at x=0, since all x-bearing terms vanish there.
Step-by-Step Solution
- At x=0 the matrix is −1212−1212−1.
- Expand: −1((−1)(−1)−2⋅2)−2(2⋅(−1)−2⋅1)+1(2⋅2−(−1)⋅1). …
- KEAM 2023Set eng-2023-P2-B24 marksMCQQ.The determinant of the matrix 111491682764 is (A) 13 (B) 208 (C) 104 (D) 26 (E) 52
›Reveal solutionSolution
Expanding along the first row gives determinant 52.
Concept and Intuition
A direct cofactor expansion along the first row is quickest for a 3×3 determinant.
Step-by-Step Solution
- det = 1(9·64 − 27·16) − 4(1·64 − 27·1) + 8(1·16 − 9·1).
- = 1(576 − 432) − 4(64 − 27) + 8(16 − 9). …
- KEAM 2024Set eng-2024-06074 marksMCQQ.If A=(−733−1), then det(A5) is equal to (A) 81 (B) -81 (C) 243 (D) -243 (E) -32
›Reveal solutionSolution
det(A5)=(detA)5.
detA=(−7)(−1)−(3)(3)=7−9=−2. Then det(A5)=(detA)5=(−2)5=−32 …
- KEAM 2024Set eng-2024-06074 marksMCQQ.Let A=a1a2a3b1b2b3c1c2c3 and B=a12a24a32b14b28b34c18c216c3. If ∣B∣=16, then the value of ∣A∣ is equal to (A) 4 (B) 41 (C) 8 (D) 81 (E) 16
›Reveal solutionSolution
Pull common factors out of each row and each column of B.
Rows of B are (a1,2b1,4c1), 2(a2,2b2,4c2), 4(a3,2b3,4c3), giving a row factor 1⋅2⋅4=8. The remaining matrix has columns with factors 1,2,4, giving a column factor 1⋅2⋅4=8, and what remains i …
- KEAM 2026Set eng-2026-04194 marksMCQQ.111112111131 is equal to (A) 7100 (B) 6800 (C) 7300 (D) 6900 (E) 6700
›Reveal solutionSolution
Cofactor expansion along the first row gives 7100.
Expansion. For 111112111131:
=11(21⋅31−1⋅1)−1(1⋅31−1⋅1)+1(1⋅1−21⋅1) …
- KEAM 2021Set eng-2021-P2-B14 marksMCQQ.The value of the determinant 432423222433323 is (A) 52 (B) −24 (C) 24 (D) 48 (E) −48
›Reveal solutionSolution
The determinant equals −48.
Concept and Intuition
Each row (k,k2,k3) has a common factor k, which can be pulled out of the determinant. The remaining determinant is a small 3×3 evaluation.
Step-by-Step Solution
- Factor 4,3,2 from rows 1,2,3: value =4⋅3⋅21114321694=24D.
- Expand D=1(3⋅4−9⋅2)−4(1⋅4−9⋅1)+16(1⋅2−3⋅1). …
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