Q.Explain any two social or demographic causes of poverty in India.

Low literacy, large family size, social discrimination, and rapid population growth are key social/demographic causes.

Two social/demographic causes of poverty in India (any two of the following are acceptable):

1. Low levels of literacy and education, especially in rural and economically weaker sections, restrict access to skilled, better-paying work and are strongly linked to poverty persisting across generations.
2. Large family size. Households with more dependents relative to earning members have lower income per person even at the same total household income, directly linking family size to poverty risk.
3. Social discrimination and limited occupational mobility, historically associated with caste and other forms of social exclusion, have restricted some groups' access to land, credit, and certain occupations. …