Two sources $S_1$ and $S_2$ of intensities $I_1$ and $I_2$ are placed in front of a screen. The intensity distribution observed across the central portion of the screen is a set of evenly spaced, identical bright fringes whose successive maxima are separated by minima that do NOT fall to zero — i.e. the intensity oscillates smoothly between a fixed maximum value and a fixed non-zero minimum value. Which of the following statements are true? (a) $S_1$ and $S_2$ have the same intensities. (b) $S_1$ and $S_2$ have a constant phase difference. (c) $S_1$ and $S_2$ have the same phase. (d) $S_1$ and $S_2$ have the same wavelength.

Two sources S₁ and S₂ of intensities I₁ and I₂ are placed in front of a screen. The intensity distribution obs

NCERT Exemplar · Q5

S_1

(a)

S_1

and

S_2

have the same intensities.

(b)

S_1

and

S_2

have a constant phase difference.

(c)

S_1

and

S_2

have the same phase.

(d)

S_1

and

S_2

have the same wavelength.

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Concept understanding — Double Slit Interference

Double Slit Interference: From Ripples to Light

Imagine dropping two stones into a still pond at the same time, a short distance apart. Watch the ripples spread. Where a crest from one stone meets a crest from the other, the water rises higher. Where a crest meets a trough, the water flattens out. That is interference — waves adding or cancelling.

Now replace the water with light. Replace the stones with two narrow slits cut into a barrier. Shine a single colour of light (say, red laser light) onto the slits. On a screen behind the barrier, you do not see two bright spots. Instead, you see a pattern of alternating bright and dark bands — like a striped zebra crossing made of light.

That pattern is double slit interference. It is the single most convincing proof that light behaves as a wave.

The Core Idea

Light from a single source passes through two narrow slits. Each slit acts as a new source of waves. These two sets of waves spread out and overlap. At any point on the screen, the light you see is the sum of the waves from slit 1 and slit 2.

Whether they add (bright) or cancel (dark) depends on one thing: the path difference — how much farther one wave has travelled compared to the other.

Note

For constructive interference (bright band): path difference = $n\lambda$ (whole number of wavelengths)

For destructive interference (dark band): path difference = $(n + \frac12)\lambda$ (half-integer number of wavelengths)

Here $\lambda$ is the wavelength of the light, and $n = 0, 1, 2, \dots$

The Geometry

Let the slits be separated by distance $d$ . The screen is far away at distance $D$ ( $D \gg d$ ). For a point on the screen at angle $\theta$ from the centre:

The path difference $\Delta x = d \sin\theta$
Bright bands occur when $d \sin\theta = n\lambda$
Dark bands occur when $d \sin\theta = (n + \frac12)\lambda$

The position $y$ of the $n$ -th bright band on the screen (measured from the centre) is:

y_n = \frac{n\lambda D}{d}

The spacing between consecutive bright bands (fringe width) is:

\beta = \frac{\lambda D}{d}

\text{Fringe width } \beta = \frac{\lambda D}{d}

What This Tells You

Larger $\lambda$ → wider fringes (red light spreads more than blue)
Larger $D$ → wider fringes (screen further away spreads the pattern)
Smaller $d$ → wider fringes (slits closer together spread the pattern more)

If you cover one slit, the pattern vanishes — you get a single blurry blob. The stripes only appear when both slits are open, proving that the light from the two slits is interfering.

Why It Matters

Double slit interference is not a classroom toy. It is the foundation of:

Young's experiment (1801) — which settled the debate: light is a wave
Diffraction gratings — used in spectrometers to identify elements by their light …

Why this formula?

Double Slit Interference: Why the Formula Holds

Let's build the understanding from first principles — not just memorise the formula, but see why it must be true.

1. The Core Idea: Path Difference Creates Phase Difference

Imagine two narrow slits $S_1$ and $S_2$ , separated by distance $d$ , illuminated by a single coherent source. Light from each slit travels to a point $P$ on a screen at distance $D$ (where $D \gg d$ ).

The two waves start in phase at the slits (same source).
They travel different distances to reach $P$ .
This path difference $\Delta x$ causes a phase difference $\Delta \phi$ .

Key relation:

\Delta \phi = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda} \cdot \Delta x

Why? Because one full wavelength $\lambda$ corresponds to a phase change of $2\pi$ radians.

2. Finding the Path Difference

From the geometry (see diagram in any textbook):

For a point $P$ at angle $\theta$ from the central axis, the extra distance travelled by the wave from the farther slit is approximately:

\Delta x = d \sin\theta

Why approximate? Because we assume $D \gg d$ , so the two paths are nearly parallel. This is the Fraunhofer (far-field) approximation — valid for most exam setups.

3. Condition for Constructive Interference (Bright Fringes)

Waves interfere constructively when they arrive in phase:

\Delta \phi = 2\pi m \quad (m = 0, \pm1, \pm2, \dots)

Using $\Delta \phi = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda} \cdot d\sin\theta$ , we get:

\frac{2\pi}{\lambda} \cdot d\sin\theta = 2\pi m

Cancel $2\pi$ to obtain the bright fringe condition:

\boxed{d \sin\theta = m\lambda}

$m$ is called the order of the fringe.
$m=0$ gives the central bright fringe (straight ahead).

4. Condition for Destructive Interference (Dark Fringes)

Waves interfere destructively when they arrive out of phase by $\pi$ (half a cycle):

\Delta \phi = (2m+1)\pi

Substitute again:

\frac{2\pi}{\lambda} \cdot d\sin\theta = (2m+1)\pi

Cancel $\pi$ to get the dark fringe condition:

\boxed{d \sin\theta = \left(m + \frac12\right)\lambda}

5. From Angle to Position on Screen

For small angles (typical in exam problems), $\sin\theta \approx \tan\theta = \frac{y}{D}$ , where $y$ is the distance from the central maximum on the screen.

Bright fringe position:

y_m = \frac{m\lambda D}{d}

Dark fringe position:

$y_m = \frac{(m + \frac12)\lambda D}{d}$ …

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A stable, regular fringe pattern can only be produced by coherent sources, which must have a constant phase difference and the same wavelength — statements (B) and (D). The minima not reaching zero shows the two intensities are unequal, so (A) is false; the sources need not be exactly in phase, so (C) is not required.

Concept

For a sustained (time-stable) interference pattern the two sources must be coherent: same frequency/wavelength and a phase difference that is constant in time. The resultant intensity at a point is

I = I_1 + I_2 + 2\sqrt{I_1 I_2}\,\cos\phi,

where $\phi$ is the phase difference at that point.

Reading the pattern

Maxima: $\cos\phi=+1 \Rightarrow I_{max}=(\sqrt{I_1}+\sqrt{I_2})^2.$
Minima: $\cos\phi=-1 \Rightarrow I_{min}=(\sqrt{I_1}-\sqrt{I_2})^2.$

The pattern shows $I_{min}\neq 0$ . This is only possible if $\sqrt{I_1}\neq\sqrt{I_2}$ , i.e. $I_1\neq I_2$ .

Statement by statement

(A) Same intensities — FALSE. Equal intensities would give $I_{min}=0$ (fully dark minima), which contradicts the non-zero minima observed. …

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Concept understanding — Double Slit Interference

Double Slit Interference: From Ripples to Light

The Core Idea

The Geometry

What This Tells You

Why It Matters

Why this formula?

Double Slit Interference: Why the Formula Holds

1. The Core Idea: Path Difference Creates Phase Difference

2. Finding the Path Difference

3. Condition for Constructive Interference (Bright Fringes)

4. Condition for Destructive Interference (Dark Fringes)

5. From Angle to Position on Screen

Concept

Reading the pattern

Statement by statement

Method: Diagnosing Source Properties From an Interference Pattern's Maxima and Minima

Steps

Concept

Reading the pattern

Statement by statement

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