Q.A small country emits 130,100 kilotons of carbon dioxide per year. In a recent global agreement, the country agreed to cut its carbon emissions by 3.1% per year for the next 3 years. In the first year, as per a special agreement, the country will keep its emissions at 130,000 kilotons and the emissions will decrease 3.1% in each of the next two years. How many kilotons of carbon dioxide would the country emit over the course of the 3-year period? (Geometric Series — Deltamath.com)

Geometric Progression — From Intuition to Precision

Imagine you drop a ball from a height of 1 metre. It bounces back to half its previous height each time. The heights of successive bounces are:

$1, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{8}, \frac{1}{16}, \dots$

What pattern do you see? Each term is obtained by multiplying the previous term by the same fixed number — here, $\frac{1}{2}$. That is the core idea of a Geometric Progression (GP).

The Intuition

A GP is a sequence where the ratio between any two consecutive terms is constant. This constant is called the common ratio, denoted by $r$.

If you start with a first term $a$, the sequence looks like:

$a, \ ar, \ ar^2, \ ar^3, \ ar^4, \ \dots$

Each step multiplies by $r$. If $r > 1$, the terms grow (like population doubling). If $0 < r < 1$, the terms shrink (like radioactive decay). If $r < 0$, the terms alternate in sign.

The Precise Statement

A sequence $\{t_1, t_2, t_3, \dots\}$ is a Geometric Progression if there exists a constant $r$ such that for every $n \geq 1$:

The first term is usually called $a$, so:

This is the $n$th term formula. It lets you jump directly to any term without writing out the whole sequence.

The Sum of a GP

Sometimes you need the sum of the first $n$ terms. Let $S_n = a + ar + ar^2 + \dots + ar^{\,n-1}$.

Multiply the whole sum by $r$:

Subtract the second equation from the first:

So:

If $r = 1$, the sum is simply $S_n = n a$. …