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Physical Education · Class 11 Optional

Ch 7Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports — Class 11 Physical Education, concept-first.

Every movement you see on a sports field - a sprinter driving out of the blocks, a bowler whirling an arm over, a footballer bending a knee to strike the ball - is the visible result of the body's systems working together.

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Human Anatomy

Imagine you're looking at a car for the first time. You see the body, the wheels, the windows. But to understand how it works, you need to know what's under the hood — the engine, the pistons, the fuel lines, the wiring.…

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Chapter contents

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Introduction

Every movement you see on a sports field - a sprinter driving out of the blocks, a bowler whirling an arm over, a footballer bending a knee to strike the ball - is the visible result of the body's sys…

+intro — Quiz5 questions
  1. Q1Muscles are connected to bones by (a) ligaments (b) cartilage (c) tendonsFree
  2. Q2A flexor (a) decreases the angle at a joint (b) extends a limb (c) moves a limb towards the midlineFree
  3. Q3Shoulder and Hip Joints are an example of (a) ball and socket joint (b) hinge joint (c) saddle jointPreview
  4. Q4Histology refers to the study of the (a) cells of the body (b) history of anatomy (c) tissues of the bodyPreview
  5. Q5The membrane on the surface of a lung is called the (a) pleura (b) pericardium (c) mucosaPreview
7.1

Definition and Importance of Anatomy and Physiology in Exercise and Sports

To train the body, you must first understand it. Two closely linked sciences give that understanding: anatomy, which tells us what the body is made of, and physiology, which tells us how those parts w…

7.1.1

Definition of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is the science that deals with the structure of the body and the relationships between the body's parts.

7.1.2

Physiology

Physiology is the scientific study of the functions of the human body - how its parts and systems operate.

7.1.3

Importance of Anatomy and Physiology

Knowing how the body is built and how it works is not academic detail - it shapes almost every practical decision a coach, teacher or athlete makes.

7.2

Functions of Skeletal System, Classification of Bones and Types of Joints

Bones give the body its frame, protect its vital organs and, together with the joints and muscles, make movement possible.

7.2.1

Skeletal System

The human skeletal system is the internal framework of the body. It consists of bones, cartilages, joints and ligaments working together.

+7.2.1 — Multiple Choice Questions1 question
  1. Q1A child has__________bones. (i) 206 (ii) 213 (iii) 270 (iv) 300Preview
7.2.2

Functions of the Skeletal System

5 Q

The human skeleton is divided into two functional parts:

+7.2.2 — Extension Activity1 question
  1. Q1Working in groups of five, draw and label the bones of the following parts: 1. Skull 2. Clavicle 3. The kneecap 4. Bones of the fingers and…Preview
+7.2.2 — Multiple Choice Questions2 questions
  1. Q1One of the functions of the skeletal system includes haematopoiesis which refers to (i) provision of support to the body (ii) formation of b…Free
  2. Q2Bones serves as a store house for (i) potassium (ii) phosphorus (iii) calcium (iv) nitrogenPreview
+7.2.2 — Short Answer Questions1 question
  1. Q1List at least two functions of the skeletal system.Preview
+7.2.2 — Long Answer Questions1 question
  1. Q1Elaborate the functions of the skeletal system.Preview
7.2.3

Classification of Bones

6 Q

Bones can be classified in two different ways: by the kind of bone tissue they are made of, and by their shape and size.

+7.2.3 — Extension Activity1 question
  1. Q1Working in groups of five, draw and complete the following table: | Bone | Type | Where it is found in the body | |---|---|---| | Radius | |…Preview
+7.2.3 — Multiple Choice Questions1 question
  1. Q1The short bones are generally (i) flat (ii) cube-shaped (iii) curved (iv) thinPreview
+7.2.3 — Short Answer Questions2 questions
  1. Q1Name the longest and the shortest bones in the body.Free
  2. Q2Name the four main classification of bones.Preview
+7.2.3 — Long Answer Questions1 question
  1. Q1Describe the types of bones found in the human body and discuss their functions.Preview
+7.2.3 — Case Study Questions1 question
  1. Q1Case Study: Study the given labelled picture of the human skeleton and answer the following questions: a. Name any four long bones. b. How m…Preview
7.2.4

Joints

10 Q

A joint, or articulation, is the point where two or more bones meet and where muscles act on them to cause movement.

+7.2.4 — Extension Activity2 questions
  1. Q1Working in pairs, locate the joints in your: - Shoulder - Arms - Wrist - Fingers - Hip - Legs - Toes Can you identify the movement in these…Free
  2. Q2Practice the following movements shown in the diagram — Rotation, Circumduction, Extension, Flexion, Abduction and Adduction. Can you identi…Preview
+7.2.4 — Multiple Choice Questions3 questions
  1. Q1According to the functional classification of joint which focuses on the amount of the movement of the joint, synarthroses are also known as…Free
  2. Q2The sutures of the skull are the best examples of: (i) cartilaginous joints (ii) synovial joints (iii) fibrous joints (iv) freely movable jo…Preview
  3. Q3The synovial joints in which angular movement is allowed in just one plane is called (i) hinge joint (ii) saddle joint (iii) plane joint (iv…Preview
+7.2.4 — Short Answer Questions3 questions
  1. Q1What are the two basic classifications of a joint?Free
  2. Q2What is the major difference between a fibrous joint and a cartilaginous joint?Preview
  3. Q3Name two ball and socket joints of the body.Preview
+7.2.4 — Long Answer Questions1 question
  1. Q1Write about the types of synovial joints in details with suitable examplesPreview
+7.2.4 — Table Completion1 question
  1. Q1Identify the bones given below and mention the type of Joint that is formed by them. Also mention its function. | Bones | Type of Joint | Fu…Preview
7.3

Properties and Functions of Muscles

Bones give the body its frame, but it is the muscles that move it. A muscle has the special ability to contract - to shorten and pull - and this pulling produces every movement, holds every posture an…

7.3.1

Properties and Functions of Muscles

8 Q

Muscles are responsible for all movement in the body, because movement is produced by the contraction and relaxation of muscles.

+7.3.1 — Multiple Choice Questions2 questions
  1. Q1How many types of muscle tissue are there? (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 4Free
  2. Q2Locomotion and facial expression are one of the important responsibilities of (i) Cardiac muscles (ii) Skeletal muscle (iii) Smooth muscle (…Preview
+7.3.1 — Short Answer Questions5 questions
  1. Q1What is a muscle? List the major types of muscles.Free
  2. Q2Write down the properties of cardiac muscles.Free
  3. Q3How are smooth muscles different from cardiac muscles?Preview
  4. Q4Where are smooth muscles found?Preview
  5. Q5How do cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles?Preview
+7.3.1 — Long Answer Questions1 question
  1. Q1What do you understand by the muscular system? Explain the structural classification of muscles.Preview
7.3.2

Properties of Skeletal Muscles

2 Q

Skeletal muscle has four major functional properties. Together they let the nervous system command a muscle at the right moment, and let the muscle produce force, stretch and spring back without being…

+7.3.2 — Multiple Choice Questions1 question
  1. Q1The ability of a muscle to shorten forcefully is known as (i) extensibility (ii) contractility (iii) elasticity (iv) excitabilityPreview
+7.3.2 — Short Answer Questions1 question
  1. Q1Enlist the four major functional characteristics of the skeletal muscles.Preview
7.3.3

Functions of Muscles

Working together, the muscles of the body perform several essential functions.

+7.3.3 — Long Answer Questions1 question
  1. Q1Write down the functions of muscles in detail.Preview
7.4

Structure and Functions of Circulatory System and Heart

Working muscles need a constant supply of oxygen and fuel, and they produce waste that must be carried away.

7.4.1

Structure and Functions of the Circulatory System and Heart

7 Q

The circulatory system is responsible for transporting gases - carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body cells and deoxygenated blood back to the heart, and carrying deoxygenated blood from…

+7.4.1 — Multiple Choice Questions2 questions
  1. Q1The heart is made up of (a) Connective tissue (b) Epithelial tissue (c) Cardiac tissue (d) Muscle tissueFree
  2. Q2The heart has______________chambers (a) Three (b) Four (c) Five (d) SixPreview
+7.4.1 — Short Answer Questions3 questions
  1. Q1Define circulatory systemFree
  2. Q2Write a brief note on the heart.Preview
  3. Q3What is the difference between Arteries and Veins?Preview
+7.4.1 — Long Answer Questions2 questions
  1. Q1What are the functions of the heart?Free
  2. Q2Describe the circulatory system.Preview
7.5

Structure and Functions of Respiratory System

Every contraction of a muscle is powered by energy, and producing that energy needs a steady supply of oxygen and a way to remove the carbon dioxide it generates.

+7.5 — Art Integration1 question
  1. Q1Working in groups, prepare a 3D model of any one of the systems of the human body that you have studied.Preview
7.5.1

Structure and Functions of the Respiratory System

7 Q

Respiration is made up of two phases - inspiration and expiration. You breathe in (inhale) oxygen during inspiration, and you breathe out (exhale) carbon dioxide during expiration.

+7.5.1 — Multiple Choice Questions3 questions
  1. Q1Trachea is also known as (a) Windpipe (b) Voice box (c) Pharynx (d) NoseFree
  2. Q2The movement of air into and out of the lungs (a) External respiration (b) Ventilation (c) Internal respiration (d) RespirationPreview
  3. Q3The principal organ of respiration is (a) Nose (b) Larynx (c) Trachea (d) LungsPreview
+7.5.1 — Short Answer Questions3 questions
  1. Q1Define respiration.Free
  2. Q2Write a short note on pharynx.Preview
  3. Q3Explain the function of the diaphragm in breathing.Preview
+7.5.1 — Long Answer Questions1 question
  1. Q1What are the functions of respiratory system?Preview

Summary

This unit laid the anatomical and physiological foundation for the rest of physical education. The key ideas, in the book's order, are these.

More questions

+Show 48 questions48 questions
  1. Q1The branch of science that studies the structure of the human body and its parts is called: (a) Physiology (b) Anatomy (c) Kinesiology (d) P…Free
  2. Q1Define anatomy and physiology, and state one point that distinguishes the two.Free
  3. Q1Explain the importance of studying anatomy and physiology for a student of physical education and sports.Free
  4. Q1Describe in detail the functions of the skeletal system, explaining how each function is relevant to physical activity and sport.Preview
  5. Q1During a physical education class, a student sprints hard for 200 metres and notices that afterwards both her heart rate and her rate of bre…Preview
  6. Q1Define anatomy and physiology.Preview
  7. Q2The study of how the parts and systems of the body function and work is known as: (a) Anatomy (b) Anthropometry (c) Physiology (d) HistologyPreview
  8. Q2List any four functions of the skeletal system.Preview
  9. Q2Describe the four properties of muscle — excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity.Preview
  10. Q2Explain the synovial (freely-movable) joints in detail. Describe each of its sub-types — ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle and…Preview
  11. Q2A young footballer twists awkwardly and injures his knee, and later strains a muscle in his thigh. His coach explains the roles of joints, b…Preview
  12. Q2Explain why an understanding of anatomy and physiology is important for planning and adapting training in sport.Preview
  13. Q3Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system? (a) Support and shape to the body (b) Protection of internal organs (c) Sec…Preview
  14. Q3Name the five classes of bones by shape, giving one example of each.Preview
  15. Q3Explain the classification of joints into fibrous (immovable), cartilaginous (slightly-movable) and synovial (freely-movable) joints, giving…Preview
  16. Q3Describe the structure of the circulatory system and the heart, and explain the idea of double circulation (pulmonary and systemic circulati…Preview
  17. Q3List and briefly explain the functions of the skeletal system.Preview
  18. Q4The production of blood cells (haematopoiesis) takes place in the: (a) Cartilage (b) Red bone marrow (c) Ligaments (d) Synovial fluidPreview
  19. Q4State the three types of muscle found in the human body and mention where each is located.Preview
  20. Q4Differentiate between arteries, veins and capillaries with respect to their structure and the function each performs in the circulatory syst…Preview
  21. Q4Describe the structure of the respiratory system, tracing the path of air from the nose to the alveoli, and explain its main functions of br…Preview
  22. Q4Classify bones by shape and give two examples of each class.Preview
  23. Q5The femur, the long bone of the thigh, is classified by shape as a: (a) Short bone (b) Flat bone (c) Long bone (d) Irregular bonePreview
  24. Q5Differentiate between an artery and a vein in terms of the direction in which they carry blood.Preview
  25. Q5Explain the meaning of stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output, and state the relationship between them.Preview
  26. Q5What is a joint? Name the three main classes of joints based on the movement they allow.Preview
  27. Q6The patella (knee-cap) is an example of which class of bone? (a) Sesamoid bone (b) Flat bone (c) Long bone (d) Short bonePreview
  28. Q6Name, in order, any four organs of the respiratory passage through which air travels on its way to the lungs.Preview
  29. Q6Explain the mechanism of breathing, describing the roles of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles in inspiration and expiration.Preview
  30. Q6Differentiate between a ball-and-socket joint and a hinge joint with examples.Preview
  31. Q7The carpals of the wrist and the tarsals of the ankle are examples of: (a) Long bones (b) Short bones (c) Flat bones (d) Irregular bonesPreview
  32. Q7Explain the three types of muscle and state whether each is voluntary or involuntary.Preview
  33. Q8The joint found at the shoulder and the hip, which allows movement in all directions, is a: (a) Hinge joint (b) Pivot joint (c) Ball-and-soc…Preview
  34. Q8Describe the properties of muscle.Preview
  35. Q9The elbow and the knee are examples of which type of synovial joint? (a) Ball-and-socket joint (b) Hinge joint (c) Saddle joint (d) Condyloi…Preview
  36. Q9List the functions of muscles and relate them to physical activity.Preview
  37. Q10The immovable joints found between the bones of the skull are known as: (a) Synovial joints (b) Cartilaginous joints (c) Fibrous joints (sut…Preview
  38. Q10Describe the structure of the human heart, naming its four chambers.Preview
  39. Q11The muscle that is involuntary, striated and found only in the walls of the heart is: (a) Skeletal muscle (b) Smooth muscle (c) Cardiac musc…Preview
  40. Q11Differentiate between arteries, veins and capillaries.Preview
  41. Q12The property of muscle by which it shortens and generates force is called: (a) Extensibility (b) Elasticity (c) Contractility (d) Excitabili…Preview
  42. Q12Explain the functions of the circulatory system.Preview
  43. Q13The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are the: (a) Veins (b) Arteries (c) Capillaries (d) VenulesPreview
  44. Q13Trace the path of air through the organs of the respiratory system from the nose to the alveoli.Preview
  45. Q14The human heart is a muscular pump divided into: (a) Two chambers (b) Three chambers (c) Four chambers (d) Five chambersPreview
  46. Q14Explain the functions of the respiratory system.Preview
  47. Q15The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood takes place in the: (a) Bronchi (b) Trachea (c) Alveoli (d) LarynxPreview
  48. Q15Explain how the circulatory and respiratory systems respond to regular exercise and training.Preview