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India's biodiversity is protected through germplasm conservation, in-situ, ex-situ and in-vitro methods. In-situ conservation protects species within their natural habitat — by communities (sacred groves, tied to religious belief and a resident deity, 448 documented across Tamil Nadu) or by the state (wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere reserves, e.g. Megamalai, Sathyamangalam, Guindy, Periyar, and the Western Ghats/Nilgiris/Agasthyamalai/Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserves). Ex-situ conservation protects species outside their natural habitat — botanical gardens, zoos, gene/pollen/seed banks, cryopreservation, tissue culture and DNA banks. The IUCN (founded 1948, Gland, Switzerland), the world's oldest environmental organisation, runs the Red List, assessing taxa against criteria A-E (population reduction, geographic range, small population + decline, very small/restricted population, quantitative analysis) into categories from Extinct (EX) through Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concerned, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated. Endemic species — found restricted to one geographic region, arising from isolation, dispersal limits and site-specific habitat needs — are concentrated in India's three megacentres/27 microcentres, chiefly the Himalayas, Peninsular India (especially the Western Ghats) and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands; examples include Bentinckia condapanna and Baccaurea courtallensis. India's own conservation movements — the Himalayan Chipko Movement (1972/74, Sundarlal Bahuguna) and the Karnataka Appiko Movement (Sirsi, Panduranga Hegde) — mobilised community protest against commercial forest felling.