Q.Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services ?

Ecosystem services are the benefits people derive from nature — defined by Robert Costanza and colleagues (1997) as the benefits provided to humans through the transformation of environmental assets (land, water, vegetation, atmosphere) into a flow of essential goods and services. Costanza's team valued this flow at roughly US $33 trillion a year in 1997, updated to about US$125 trillion a year by 2011 — a four-fold rise over that period — underscoring both how much nature provides and how quickly demand on it has grown. The full range of benefits sorts into four categories: provisioning services (direct material goods — food, fibre, fuel, genetic resources, bio-chemicals, fresh water, medicines), regulating services (keeping environmental processes in balance — invasion resistance, herbivory/pollination, seed dispersal, climate/pest/disease/erosion regulation, water purification, natural hazard protection), supporting services (the underlying processes that make every other service possible — primary production, habitat provision, nutrient cycling, soil formation/retention, atmospheric oxygen production, water cycling), and cultural services (non-material benefits — spiritual/religious value, knowledge systems, education, …