CONCEPT MAP

The unit's own concept map is rooted at 'Metallurgy' and fans out into the major stages and principles covered.

The Occurrence branch covers minerals and ores.

The Concentration of ores branch lists gravity separation, froth flotation, magnetic separation, and leaching -- with leaching itself further branching into cyanide, acid and alkali leaching (ammonia leaching, though covered in the text, is not separately named on the printed map).

The Extraction of crude metal branch splits into conversion of ore into oxides (roasting, calcination) and reduction of metal oxides (smelting; reduction by C, H or metal; auto reduction) -- both converging on 'Pure metal' as the outcome.

A separate branch, Applications of Al, Cu, Zn, Fe and Au, lists the five metals whose uses the chapter surveys. …