Q.Give circuit symbol, logical operation, truth table, and Boolean expression of AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and EX-OR gates

Step 1 (AND). Symbol: D-shaped block, inputs A,B, output Y. Operation: output high only when ALL inputs are high. Truth table: (0,0)->0, (0,1)->0, (1,0)->0, (1,1)->1. Equation: $Y=A\cdot B$.

Step 2 (OR). Symbol: curved-back, pointed-front shield block. Operation: output high when EITHER input is high. Truth table: (0,0)->0, (0,1)->1, (1,0)->1, (1,1)->1. Equation: $Y=A+B$.

Step 3 (NOT). Symbol: triangle with a small output bubble, single input A. Operation: inverts the input. Truth table: 0->1, 1->0. Equation: $Y=\overline{A}$.

Step 4 (NAND). Symbol: AND block with an output bubble. Operation: output low only when ALL inputs are high. Truth table: (0,0)->1, (0,1)->1, (1,0)->1, (1,1)->0. Equation: $Y=\overline{A\cdot B}$.

Step 5 (NOR). Symbol: OR block with an output bubble. Operation: output high only when ALL inputs are low. Truth table: (0,0)->1, (0,1)->0, (1,0)->0, (1,1)->0. Equation: $Y=\overline{A+B}$. …

• Mixing up the bubble placement (input side for NOT, output side for NAND/NOR). …