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Q.At the opening ceremony of a school sports festival modelled on the Olympic Games, students raised a white flag bearing five interlaced rings, recited a pledge to compete fairly and respect the rules, and displayed the words 'Citius, Altius, Fortius - Communiter'. Answer the following:

(i) What do the five rings and the white flag represent?
(ii) Name the Olympic ceremonial element that the students' pledge corresponds to, and state what they pledged.
(iii) Translate the motto into English and explain the meaning of the word added to it in 2021.
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The rings/white flag are the Olympic symbol of continental union; the pledge is the Olympic oath (fair, rule-abiding play); the motto means 'Faster, Higher, Stronger – Together', with 'Communiter' (2021) meaning 'Together'.

  1. The five rings and the white flag. The five interlaced rings represent the union of the five inhabited continents of the world and the coming together of athletes from every nation at the Games; their interlacing symbolises friendship and solidarity. Set on a plain white background, they form the Olympic flag (Olympic symbol), which stands for the unity and universality of the Olympic Movement. (The ring colours plus the white ground include at least one colour from every national flag.)
  2. The ceremonial element and the pledge. The students' spoken promise to compete fairly and respect the rules corresponds to the Olympic oath, taken at the opening ceremony. In it, athletes (and coaches and judges) pledge to take part in and officiate the Games respecting and abiding by the rules, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, committing to sport without doping or cheating, for the honour of sport and their teams. …

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