Q.Explain any four features of Management by Objectives.

MBO is defined by a specific combination of features that together distinguish it from ordinary, top-down goal-setting.

1. Goal-oriented process — the entire exercise is organised around clearly defined objectives at every level, from the organisation down to the individual.

2. Participative goal-setting — objectives are set through joint discussion between a superior and their subordinate, not imposed unilaterally from above.

3. Focus on measurable results — objectives are stated, as far as possible, in specific, quantifiable, time-bound terms, so achievement can be objectively checked rather than subjectively judged.

4. Periodic review — performance against the agreed objectives is checked at regular intervals during the period, not only at the very end, so corrective action can be taken while it still matters.

(A fifth feature commonly cited: MBO fosters self-control, since employees who helped set their own targets tend to monitor and correct their own performance rather than relying purely on external supervision.)

Listing generic management features (like "planning" or "coordination") instead of the specific features that distinguish MBO from ordinary goal-setting — participation and measurability are the two features examiners most want to see explained.