Q.(a) Write the salient features of Human Genome Project (HGP). OR
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Start your 14-day free trial to unlock the full solution →(a) The Human Genome Project sequenced and annotated the entire human genome, cataloguing its genes and sequence variation. (b) Darwin's finches and Australian marsupials both illustrate adaptive radiation - diversification of an isolated ancestral lineage into many ecologically distinct species.
(a) The Human Genome Project (HGP) was a landmark international collaborative research programme (involving institutions across the USA, UK, and other countries) whose goal was to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of human nuclear DNA and to identify all the genes it contains. Its salient achievements and features include: determining the sequence of the roughly 3.2 billion base pairs that make up the haploid human genome; identifying that humans have approximately 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes - considerably fewer than earlier predictions of 80,000-140,000; discovering that protein-coding sequences make up only a small fraction (roughly 2%) of the genome, with the rest consisting of regulatory and repetitive/non-coding sequences; mapping the physical location of genes on each of the 24 human chromosomes (22 autosomes + X and Y); using techniques such as Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs, to rapidly identify coding regions of genes) and sequence annotation to interpret the raw sequence; storing all the generated sequence information in publicly accessible databases for use by researchers worldwide; developing improved, faster and cheaper tools for DNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis; transferring the resulting technologies to industry for practical/medical applications; and dedicating attention to the Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) of genome information, such as privacy and potential genetic discrimination. The project, begun in 1990, was declared essentially complete in April 2003, and its output underpins much of modern genomics, personalised medicine and the study of genetic disease.
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