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Worked Examples · Example 7

Q.Prove that 12+22+…+n2>n331^2 + 2^2 + \ldots + n^2 > \dfrac{n^3}{3}, n∈Nn \in N.

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Let P(n)P(n) be the statement 12+22+…+n2>n331^2+2^2+\ldots+n^2>\dfrac{n^3}{3}.

Base case: For n=1n=1,

LHS=12=1,RHS=133=13.\text{LHS}=1^2=1,\qquad \text{RHS}=\frac{1^3}{3}=\frac13.

Since 1>131>\frac13, P(1)P(1) is true.

Inductive step: Assume P(k)P(k) is true for some k≥1k\ge1:

12+22+…+k2>k33.(Induction Hypothesis)1^2+2^2+\ldots+k^2>\frac{k^3}{3}. \qquad \text{(Induction Hypothesis)}

We must show 12+…+k2+(k+1)2>(k+1)331^2+\ldots+k^2+(k+1)^2>\dfrac{(k+1)^3}{3}.

Adding (k+1)2(k+1)^2 to both sides of the induction hypothesis:

12+…+k2+(k+1)2>k33+(k+1)2.(∗)1^2+\ldots+k^2+(k+1)^2>\frac{k^3}{3}+(k+1)^2. \qquad (\ast)

It suffices to show k33+(k+1)2≥(k+1)33\dfrac{k^3}{3}+(k+1)^2\ge\dfrac{(k+1)^3}{3}, i.e.

(k+1)2≥(k+1)3−k33.(k+1)^2\ge\frac{(k+1)^3-k^3}{3}.

Compute (k+1)3−k3=3k2+3k+1(k+1)^3-k^3=3k^2+3k+1, so we need

3(k+1)2≥3k2+3k+1  ⟺  3k2+6k+3≥3k2+3k+1  ⟺  3k+2≥0,3(k+1)^2\ge3k^2+3k+1 \iff 3k^2+6k+3\ge3k^2+3k+1 \iff 3k+2\ge0,

which is true (in fact strictly >0>0) for every k≥1k\ge1. Since 3k+2>03k+2>0 strictly, …

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