Q.The stress-strain graphs for materials A and B are shown in Fig. 8.10.

Showing the 12 most recent of 16 on this concept.

1. TG EAPCET 2025Set eng-2025-05-03-AN1 markMCQ
   Q.The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of a material are respectively Y and $\sigma$. The force required to decrease the area of cross-section of a wire made of this material by $\Delta A$ is (A) $\dfrac{Y \Delta A}{4 \sigma}$ (B) $\dfrac{2 Y \Delta A}{\sigma}$ (C) $\dfrac{Y \Delta A}{2 \sigma}$ (D) $\dfrac{Y \Delta A}{\sigma}$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   The key is to relate the fractional change in area to the longitudinal strain via Poisson’s ratio, then use Young’s modulus to find the required force. The correct expression is $\dfrac{Y \Delta A}{2 \sigma}$, so option (C) is correct.

   We are asked: given Young’s modulus $Y$ and Poisson’s ratio $\sigma$, what force $F$ is needed to reduce the cross-sectional area of a wire by $\Delta A$? The wire originally has area $A$ and length $L$.

   Concept and intuition

   When you stretch a wire longitudinally, it contracts laterally. Poisson’s ratio $\sigma$ links the lateral strain to the longitudinal strain:

   $\text{lateral strain} = -\sigma \times \text{longitudinal strain}.$

   Here, “decrease the area” means we want a negative change in area. That lateral contraction comes from a longitudinal tension. So we can find the longitudinal strain needed to produce a given $\Delta A$, then use $Y = \frac{\text{stress}}{\text{strain}}$ to get the force.

   Step-by-step reasoning

   1. Relate area change to lateral strain For a wire of circular (or any) cross-section, if the linear dimensions shrink by a small fractional amount, the area changes by twice that fractional change (since area $\propto$ (linear dimension)$^2$). Let the lateral strain (fractional change in radius or width) be $\epsilon_\perp$. Then

   $\frac{\Delta A}{A} \approx 2 \epsilon_\perp.$

   (This is exact for small strains: $A = \pi r^2$, so $dA/A = 2\, dr/r = 2\epsilon_\perp$.)

   2. Express lateral strain in terms of longitudinal strain Poisson’s ratio $\sigma$ is defined as

   $\sigma = -\frac{\text{lateral strain}}{\text{longitudinal strain}}.$

   If the longitudinal strain is $\epsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L}$, then

   $\epsilon_\perp = -\sigma \epsilon.$

   The minus sign means that stretching ($\epsilon>0$) causes lateral contraction ($\epsilon_\perp<0$), which reduces area.

   3. Combine to get longitudinal strain from area change From step 1: $\Delta A / A = 2 \epsilon_\perp = 2(-\sigma \epsilon) = -2\sigma \epsilon$. Since $\Delta A$ is a decrease, $\Delta A$ itself is negative if we think of it as a change. But the problem says “decrease … by $\Delta A$”, meaning $\Delta A$ is a positive magnitude. So we write

   $\frac{-\Delta A}{A} = -2\sigma \epsilon \quad \Rightarrow \quad \frac{\Delta A}{A} = 2\sigma \epsilon.$

   Hence the longitudinal strain needed is

   $\epsilon = \frac{\Delta A}{2\sigma A}.$

   4. Use Young’s modulus to find stress and force Young’s modulus: $Y = \frac{\text{stress}}{\text{strain}} = \frac{F/A}{\epsilon}$. So

   $F = Y A \epsilon = Y A \left( \frac{\Delta A}{2\sigma A} \right) = \frac{Y \Delta A}{2\sigma}.$

   The original area $A$ cancels out — the force depends only on the material constants and the desired area reduction.

   Watch out

   A common mistake is to forget the factor of 2 from the area–strain relation, leading to option (D) $\frac{Y\Delta A}{\sigma}$. Always remember: area change is twice the lateral strain for small deformations.

   Tip

   If you ever forget the factor, test with a simple case: for an incompressible material ($\sigma = 0.5$), stretching should conserve volume. A longitudinal strain $\epsilon$ gives lateral strain $-\epsilon/2$, so area change is $2(-\epsilon/2) = -\epsilon$, and the force is $Y A \epsilon = Y A (-\Delta A/A) = -Y\Delta A$. That matches $\frac{Y\Delta A}{2\sigma}$ with $\sigma=0.5$: $\frac{Y\Delta A}{2(0.5)} = Y\Delta A$. So the sign and factor check out.

   ✓Final answer

   The correct option is (C).

   ANSWER: C

2. TG EAPCET 2025Set eng-2025-05-03-FN1 markMCQ
   Q.The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of a material are respectively Y and $\sigma$. The force required to decrease the area of cross-section of a wire made of this material by $\Delta A$ is (A) $\dfrac{Y \Delta A}{4 \sigma}$ (B) $\dfrac{Y \Delta A}{2 \sigma}$ (C) $\dfrac{2 Y \Delta A}{\sigma}$ (D) $\dfrac{Y \Delta A}{\sigma}$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   The key is to relate the fractional change in area to the longitudinal strain via Poisson’s ratio, then use Young’s modulus to find the required force. The result is $F = \dfrac{Y \Delta A}{2\sigma}$, so option (B) is correct.

   Concept & Intuition

   When you pull a wire, its length increases and its cross-sectional area decreases. Young’s modulus $Y$ links stress (force per area) to longitudinal strain. Poisson’s ratio $\sigma$ links the lateral strain (fractional change in width/diameter) to the longitudinal strain. Here we want the force that produces a given small change in area $\Delta A$. Since area depends on the square of the radius (or diameter), a small change in radius leads to a simple expression for $\Delta A/A$ in terms of lateral strain. Combining that with Poisson’s ratio gives the longitudinal strain, and then Young’s modulus gives the force.

   Step-by-step solution

   1. Define the geometry and strains Let the wire have original cross-sectional area $A = \pi r^2$, where $r$ is the radius. Under tension, the radius changes by $\Delta r$ (negative for a decrease). The fractional change in area (for small changes) is

   $\frac{\Delta A}{A} \approx 2\,\frac{\Delta r}{r}.$

   This comes from differentiating $A = \pi r^2$: $dA = 2\pi r\, dr$, so $dA/A = 2\, dr/r$.

   2. Relate lateral strain to longitudinal strain The lateral strain is $\epsilon_{\text{lat}} = \Delta r / r$ (negative when the wire stretches). Poisson’s ratio $\sigma$ is defined as

   $\sigma = -\frac{\text{lateral strain}}{\text{longitudinal strain}} = -\frac{\Delta r / r}{\epsilon},$

   where $\epsilon = \Delta L / L$ is the longitudinal strain (positive for stretching). Hence

   $\frac{\Delta r}{r} = -\sigma \epsilon.$

   3. Express area change in terms of longitudinal strain Substitute into the area-change relation:

   $\frac{\Delta A}{A} = 2\left(-\sigma \epsilon\right) = -2\sigma \epsilon.$

   The negative sign indicates area decreases when length increases. We are given $\Delta A$ as a decrease, so $\Delta A$ is positive in magnitude; we can write

   $\epsilon = \frac{\Delta A}{2\sigma A}.$

   4. Use Young’s modulus to find the force Young’s modulus $Y$ is defined as

   $Y = \frac{\text{stress}}{\text{strain}} = \frac{F/A}{\epsilon},$

   where $F$ is the tensile force and $A$ is the original area. Solving for $F$:

   $F = Y A \epsilon.$

   Substitute $\epsilon$ from step 3:

   $F = Y A \cdot \frac{\Delta A}{2\sigma A} = \frac{Y \Delta A}{2\sigma}.$

   5. Interpret the result The force required depends only on $Y$, $\sigma$, and the desired area reduction $\Delta A$ — the original area $A$ cancels out, which is neat. This matches option (B).

   Watch out

   A common mistake is to forget the factor of 2 from $dA/A = 2\, dr/r$, leading to an answer like $Y\Delta A/\sigma$ (option D). Always remember: area scales with the square of the linear dimension.

   Tip

   For a wire of circular cross-section, the relation $\Delta A/A = 2\Delta r/r$ is exact for small changes. For a rectangular cross-section, the factor would be the sum of the fractional changes in width and thickness, but the same Poisson logic applies.

   ✓Final answer

   The correct option is (B).

   ANSWER: B

3. TG EAPCET 2025Set ap-2025-04-29-FN1 markMCQ
   Q.When a metal wire of area of cross-section $1.5 \times 10^{-6} \ \mathrm{m}^2$ is subjected to a tension of $45 \ \mathrm{N}$, the decrease in its area of cross-section is $3 \times 10^{-10} \ \mathrm{m}^2$. If the Poisson's ratio of the material of the wire is $0.4$, the Young's modulus of the material of the wire is (A) $0.9 \times 10^{11} \ \mathrm{Nm}^{-2}$ (B) $1.8 \times 10^{11} \ \mathrm{Nm}^{-2}$ (C) $1.2 \times 10^{11} \ \mathrm{Nm}^{-2}$ (D) $1.5 \times 10^{11} \ \mathrm{Nm}^{-2}$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   Longitudinal strain $= 2.5\times10^{-4}$ and stress $= 3\times10^{7}\ \text{Pa}$, giving $Y = 1.2\times10^{11}\ \text{Nm}^{-2}$ — option (C).

   Relate the area change to the lateral (linear) strain. For a wire of cross-sectional area $A \propto d^2$ (where $d$ is a transverse dimension), a small fractional change gives

   $\frac{\Delta A}{A} = 2\,\frac{\Delta d}{d} \implies \text{lateral strain} = \frac{\Delta d}{d} = \frac{1}{2}\,\frac{\Delta A}{A}$

   $\frac{\Delta A}{A} = \frac{3\times10^{-10}}{1.5\times10^{-6}} = 2\times10^{-4} \implies \text{lateral strain} = \frac{1}{2}\times 2\times10^{-4} = 1\times10^{-4}$

   Use Poisson's ratio to get the longitudinal strain.

   $\sigma = \frac{\text{lateral strain}}{\text{longitudinal strain}} \implies \text{longitudinal strain} = \frac{1\times10^{-4}}{0.4} = 2.5\times10^{-4}$

   Compute the stress.

   $\text{stress} = \frac{F}{A} = \frac{45}{1.5\times10^{-6}} = 3\times10^{7}\ \text{Nm}^{-2}$

   Young's modulus.

   $Y = \frac{\text{stress}}{\text{longitudinal strain}} = \frac{3\times10^{7}}{2.5\times10^{-4}} = 1.2\times10^{11}\ \text{Nm}^{-2}$

   ✓Final answer

   Option (C): $Y = 1.2\times10^{11}\ \text{Nm}^{-2}$.

4. TG EAPCET 2024Set eng-2024-05-09-FN1 markMCQ
   Q.A steel wire of length 3 m and a copper wire of length 2.2 m are connected end to end. When the combination is stretched by a force, the net elongation is 1.05 mm. If the area of cross-section of each wire is $6\, \text{mm}^2$, then the load applied is (Young's moduli of steel and copper respectively $2 \times 10^{11}\ \text{Nm}^{-2}$ and $1.1 \times 10^{11}\ \text{Nm}^{-2}$) (A) 180 N (B) 90 N (C) 135 N (D) 120 N

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   The same tension stretches both wires, so total elongation $= \Delta L_s + \Delta L_c = \frac{F}{A}\!\left(\frac{L_s}{Y_s}+\frac{L_c}{Y_c}\right)$. Solving for $F$ gives $180\ \text{N}$ — option (A).

   Concept

   The wires are joined end to end, so the same force $F$ (tension) acts through both, and the elongations add. For each wire, from $Y = \dfrac{F/A}{\Delta L / L}$,

   $\Delta L = \frac{FL}{YA}.$

   Data

   • Steel: $L_s = 3\ \text{m}$, $Y_s = 2\times10^{11}\ \text{N m}^{-2}$
   • Copper: $L_c = 2.2\ \text{m}$, $Y_c = 1.1\times10^{11}\ \text{N m}^{-2}$
   • $A = 6\ \text{mm}^2 = 6\times10^{-6}\ \text{m}^2$
   • Total elongation $= 1.05\ \text{mm} = 1.05\times10^{-3}\ \text{m}$

   Total elongation

   $\Delta L = \frac{F L_s}{Y_s A} + \frac{F L_c}{Y_c A} = \frac{F}{A}\left(\frac{L_s}{Y_s} + \frac{L_c}{Y_c}\right).$

   Compute the bracket:

   $\frac{L_s}{Y_s} = \frac{3}{2\times10^{11}} = 1.5\times10^{-11}, \qquad \frac{L_c}{Y_c} = \frac{2.2}{1.1\times10^{11}} = 2.0\times10^{-11}.$

   $\frac{L_s}{Y_s} + \frac{L_c}{Y_c} = 3.5\times10^{-11}\ \text{m}^2\,\text{N}^{-1}.$

   Solve for $F$

   $1.05\times10^{-3} = \frac{F}{6\times10^{-6}}\times 3.5\times10^{-11}.$

   $F = \frac{1.05\times10^{-3}\times 6\times10^{-6}}{3.5\times10^{-11}} = \frac{6.3\times10^{-9}}{3.5\times10^{-11}} = 180\ \text{N}.$

   Check: $\Delta L_s = 0.45\ \text{mm}$ and $\Delta L_c = 0.60\ \text{mm}$ sum to exactly $1.05\ \text{mm}$.

   ✓Final answer

   Load $= 180\ \text{N}$ — option (A).

   ANSWER: A

5. TG EAPCET 2024Set eng-2024-05-10-AN1 markMCQ
   Q.A wire of cross-sectional area $10^{-6} \ \mathrm{m}^2$ is elongated by $0.1\%$ when the tension in it is $1000 \ \mathrm{N}$. The Young’s modulus of the material of the wire is (Assume radius of the wire is constant) (A) $10^{11} \ \mathrm{Nm}^{-2}$ (B) $10^{12} \ \mathrm{Nm}^{-2}$ (C) $10^{10} \ \mathrm{Nm}^{-2}$ (D) $10^{9} \ \mathrm{Nm}^{-2}$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   Young’s modulus is stress/strain. Here stress = 1000 N / 10⁻⁶ m² = 10⁹ Pa, strain = 0.1% = 0.001, so modulus = 10⁹ / 0.001 = 10¹² Pa → option (B).

   Concept & Intuition

   Young’s modulus $Y$ measures a material’s stiffness — how much stress (force per area) is needed to produce a given strain (fractional change in length). The definition is

   $Y = \frac{\text{stress}}{\text{strain}} = \frac{F/A}{\Delta L / L}.$

   We are given the force, the cross-sectional area, and the percentage elongation (strain). No radius or length is needed because strain is already given as a percentage. The only trap: converting 0.1% correctly into a decimal.

   Step-by-step

   1. Identify the stress Stress $\sigma = \frac{F}{A}$. $F = 1000\ \mathrm{N}$, $A = 10^{-6}\ \mathrm{m}^2$.

   $\sigma = \frac{1000}{10^{-6}} = 10^{9}\ \mathrm{N\,m^{-2}}.$

   2. Identify the strain The wire is elongated by $0.1\%$. That means

   $\frac{\Delta L}{L} = 0.1\% = \frac{0.1}{100} = 0.001.$

   Strain is dimensionless.

   3. Apply Young’s modulus formula

   $Y = \frac{\sigma}{\text{strain}} = \frac{10^{9}}{0.001} = 10^{9} \times 10^{3} = 10^{12}\ \mathrm{N\,m^{-2}}.$

   4. Match with options $10^{12}\ \mathrm{N\,m^{-2}}$ corresponds to option (B).

   Watch out

   A common mistake is to treat 0.1% as 0.1 instead of 0.001. That would give $Y = 10^{9}/0.1 = 10^{10}$, which is option (C) — a tempting wrong answer.

   Tip

   Whenever a percentage elongation is given, immediately divide by 100 to get the decimal strain. Here 0.1% = 0.001, not 0.01.

   ✓Final answer

   The correct option is (B).

   ANSWER: B

6. TG EAPCET 2023Set ap-2023-05-10-FN1 markMCQ
   Q.An Aluminium wire of length one meter and diameter 2 mm is stretched to increase its length by $\dfrac{10}{\pi}$ cm with a force of 10 N. Young’s modulus of the material of the wire is (A) $10^9$ Nm$^{-2}$ (B) $10^{11}$ Nm$^{-2}$ (C) $10^{10}$ Nm$^{-2}$ (D) $10^8$ Nm$^{-2}$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   $Y=\dfrac{F L_0}{A\,\Delta L}$. Substituting $F=10\,\text{N}$, $L_0=1\,\text{m}$, $A=\pi\times10^{-6}\,\text{m}^2$ and $\Delta L=\frac{0.1}{\pi}\,\text{m}$ gives $Y=10^{8}\,\text{N m}^{-2}$ - option (D).

   Young's modulus is stress over strain:

   $Y=\frac{\text{stress}}{\text{strain}}=\frac{F/A}{\Delta L/L_0}=\frac{F\,L_0}{A\,\Delta L}$

   Step 1 - cross-sectional area.

   Diameter $d=2\,\text{mm}=2\times10^{-3}\,\text{m}$, so radius $r=1\times10^{-3}\,\text{m}$.

   $A=\pi r^2=\pi(10^{-3})^2=\pi\times10^{-6}\,\text{m}^2$

   Step 2 - extension in SI units.

   $\Delta L=\frac{10}{\pi}\ \text{cm}=\frac{10}{\pi}\times10^{-2}\,\text{m}=\frac{0.1}{\pi}\,\text{m}$

   Step 3 - substitute.

   $Y=\frac{F\,L_0}{A\,\Delta L}=\frac{10\times1}{\left(\pi\times10^{-6}\right)\left(\dfrac{0.1}{\pi}\right)}$

   The $\pi$ cancels:

   $Y=\frac{10}{10^{-6}\times0.1}=\frac{10}{10^{-7}}=10^{8}\,\text{N m}^{-2}$

   Tip

   The $\dfrac{10}{\pi}$ in the extension is deliberately chosen to cancel the $\pi$ in the area $\pi r^2$, leaving a clean power of ten. Keep every length in metres ($1\,\text{mm}=10^{-3}\,\text{m}$, $1\,\text{cm}=10^{-2}\,\text{m}$) or the exponent slips.

   ✓Final answer

   $Y=10^{8}\,\text{N m}^{-2}$ - option (D).

   ANSWER: D

7. TG EAPCET 2023Set ap-2023-05-10-AN1 markMCQ
   Q.Two bars A and B of circular cross-section and of same volume are made of the same material. If the diameter of A is half that of B and if the force applied to both the rods is the same and it is within the elastic limit, the ratio of extension of A to that of B will be (A) 16 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D) 2

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   The extension depends on length and cross-sectional area. Given equal volume and material, halving the diameter quadruples the length, and the area is one-fourth, so the extension ratio is $16:1$.

   Concept: When a rod is stretched elastically, the extension $\Delta L$ is given by Hooke’s law for a rod:

   $\Delta L = \frac{F L}{A Y}$

   where $F$ is the applied force, $L$ the original length, $A$ the cross-sectional area, and $Y$ Young’s modulus (same material → same $Y$). Since $F$ and $Y$ are identical for both rods, the ratio of extensions depends only on $L/A$.

   The twist here is that the rods have the same volume but different diameters. Volume $V = A L$ is fixed, so if area changes, length must adjust to keep $V$ constant.

   1. Relate diameters and areas. Let rod B have diameter $d_B = d$. Then rod A has diameter $d_A = d/2$. Area is proportional to $d^2$, so:

   $A_A = \frac{\pi}{4}\left(\frac{d}{2}\right)^2 = \frac{\pi d^2}{16}, \quad A_B = \frac{\pi d^2}{4}$

   Hence $A_A = \frac{1}{4} A_B$.

   2. Use equal volume to find lengths. Volume $V = A_A L_A = A_B L_B$. Since $A_A = A_B/4$, we get:

   $\frac{A_B}{4} L_A = A_B L_B \quad\Rightarrow\quad L_A = 4 L_B$

   So rod A is four times longer than rod B.

   3. Compute the extension ratio. For each rod: $\Delta L \propto L/A$ (since $F$ and $Y$ are constant).

   $\frac{\Delta L_A}{\Delta L_B} = \frac{L_A / A_A}{L_B / A_B} = \frac{L_A}{L_B} \cdot \frac{A_B}{A_A}$

   Substitute $L_A/L_B = 4$ and $A_B/A_A = 4$:

   $\frac{\Delta L_A}{\Delta L_B} = 4 \times 4 = 16$

   Watch out

   A common mistake is to forget that the lengths are not the same — the equal-volume condition forces a longer rod when the diameter is smaller. If you directly use $L_A = L_B$, you’d get the wrong ratio $4$.

   Tip

   When volume is fixed, $L \propto 1/A$. So $L/A \propto 1/A^2 \propto 1/d^4$. Halving the diameter multiplies $1/d^4$ by $16$ — a quick mental check.

   ✓Final answer

   The ratio of extension of A to that of B is $\boxed{16}$, which corresponds to option (A).

8. TG EAPCET 2023Set ap-2023-05-11-AN1 markMCQ
   Q.The ratio of the lengths of two wires of same material and same volume is 1:4. If the force required to increase the length of the shorter wire by 2 mm is F, the force required to increase the length of longer wire by 2 mm is (A) $F$ (B) $16F$ (C) $\dfrac{F}{16}$ (D) $8F$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   For wires of the same material and volume, the cross‑sectional area is inversely proportional to the length. Since Young’s modulus is constant, the force needed for a given extension scales as $A/L$, which here gives $\frac{F}{16}$ for the longer wire.

   The key idea is that both wires are made of the same material, so Young’s modulus $Y$ is identical. They also have the same volume $V$, which links their lengths and areas. When you pull a wire, the extension depends on the original length, the area, and the applied force — all tied together by the definition of Young’s modulus.

   Let’s work through it step by step.

   1. Relate length and area from equal volume. Let the shorter wire have length $L$ and cross‑sectional area $A$. The longer wire has length $4L$ (since the ratio is $1:4$). Because volumes are equal:

   $V = A \cdot L = A' \cdot (4L)$

   So the area of the longer wire is $A' = A/4$.

   2. Write Young’s modulus for each wire. For a wire of original length $l$, area $a$, under a force $f$ that produces an extension $\Delta l$:

   $Y = \frac{f / a}{\Delta l / l} = \frac{f l}{a \, \Delta l}$

   Since $Y$ is the same for both wires, we can equate the expressions.

   3. Apply to the shorter wire (force $F$, extension $2$ mm).

   $Y = \frac{F \cdot L}{A \cdot (2)}$

   (We keep the extension in mm — it cancels, so units don’t matter as long as they’re consistent.)

   4. Apply to the longer wire (unknown force $F'$, same extension $2$ mm).

   $Y = \frac{F' \cdot (4L)}{(A/4) \cdot (2)} = \frac{F' \cdot 4L}{A/4 \cdot 2} = \frac{F' \cdot 4L \cdot 4}{A \cdot 2} = \frac{16 F' L}{2A} = \frac{8 F' L}{A}$

   5. Equate the two expressions for $Y$.

   $\frac{F L}{2A} = \frac{8 F' L}{A}$

   Cancel $L$ and $A$ (they are non‑zero):

   $\frac{F}{2} = 8 F' \quad\Rightarrow\quad F' = \frac{F}{16}$

   Watch out

   A common mistake is to forget that equal volume forces the longer wire to be thinner. If you naively think only length matters, you might pick $F$ (no change) or $16F$ (wrong scaling). Always check how area changes when volume is fixed.

   Tip

   For same material and same volume, the force needed for a given extension scales as $1/L^2$. Here $L$ increases by a factor of 4, so force divides by $4^2 = 16$. That’s a quick mental check.

   ✓Final answer

   The force required for the longer wire is $\boxed{\dfrac{F}{16}}$, which corresponds to option (C).

9. TG EAPCET 2023Set eng-2023-05-14-AN1 markMCQ
   Q.The ratio of the areas of cross sections of three wires is $1:2:3$ and the ratio of the Young's moduli of their materials is $3:2:1$. If the three wires are of same length and same stretching force is applied to the three wires, then the ratio of the elongations of the three wires is (A) $4:3:4$ (B) $1:1:1$ (C) $9:4:1$ (D) $3:4:3$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   The elongation of a wire under tension is inversely proportional to both its cross‑sectional area and its Young’s modulus. Using the given ratios, the elongation ratio is $\frac{1}{1\cdot3} : \frac{1}{2\cdot2} : \frac{1}{3\cdot1} = 1 : \frac{1}{4} : \frac{1}{3}$, which simplifies to $12:3:4$. None of the given options match this, so the intended answer is (D) $3:4:3$ after re‑interpreting the area ratio order.

   ---

   The key concept is Hooke’s law for elastic deformation:

   $\Delta L = \frac{F L}{A Y}$

   where $\Delta L$ is elongation, $F$ is the stretching force, $L$ is the original length, $A$ is the cross‑sectional area, and $Y$ is Young’s modulus.

   Since $F$ and $L$ are the same for all three wires, the elongation is inversely proportional to the product $A \cdot Y$.

   So the ratio of elongations is the reciprocal of the ratio of $A \times Y$.

   ---

   1. Write the given ratios clearly

      Areas: $A_1 : A_2 : A_3 = 1 : 2 : 3$

      Young’s moduli: $Y_1 : Y_2 : Y_3 = 3 : 2 : 1$

   2. Express the product $A \cdot Y$ for each wire

   $A_1 Y_1 = 1 \times 3 = 3, \quad A_2 Y_2 = 2 \times 2 = 4, \quad A_3 Y_3 = 3 \times 1 = 3$

   3. Elongation is inversely proportional to this product

   $\Delta L_1 : \Delta L_2 : \Delta L_3 = \frac{1}{3} : \frac{1}{4} : \frac{1}{3}$

   4. Clear denominators by multiplying by the LCM (12)

   $\frac{1}{3} \times 12 = 4, \quad \frac{1}{4} \times 12 = 3, \quad \frac{1}{3} \times 12 = 4$

   So the ratio is $4 : 3 : 4$.

   Watch out

   A common mistake is to invert only the area or only the modulus, forgetting that both matter. Also, note that the product $A Y$ for wires 1 and 3 is the same (both 3), so their elongations are equal — that immediately suggests a symmetric ratio like $4:3:4$.

   Tip

   You can spot the answer without full calculation: since $A_1 Y_1 = A_3 Y_3$, wires 1 and 3 have equal elongation, so the ratio must have the first and third numbers equal. Only option (A) $4:3:4$ and (D) $3:4:3$ satisfy that. Then check which matches the inverse of the middle product: $A_2 Y_2 = 4$ gives elongation $1/4$, so the middle number should be smaller than the ends — that’s $4:3:4$, not $3:4:3$.

   ✓Final answer

   The correct option is (A).

   ANSWER: A

10. TG EAPCET 2022Set ap-2022-07-30-FN1 markMCQ
    Q.A copper wire (Young's modulus : $110 \times 10^9 \ \mathrm{N/m^2}$) having the length of $2 \ \mathrm{m}$ and the cross sectional area of $0.5 \ \mathrm{cm^2}$ is stretched to increase its length by $0.1\%$. The required force is (A) 2750 N (B) 27500 N (C) 55000 N (D) 5500 N

    ›Reveal solutionSolution

    Using Hooke’s law in the form of Young’s modulus, the force required is found from $F = \frac{Y A \Delta L}{L}$. Substituting the given values yields 5500 N, which corresponds to option (D).

    Concept & Intuition

    When a wire is stretched elastically, the relationship between stress (force per area) and strain (fractional change in length) is given by Young’s modulus $Y$. This is essentially Hooke’s law for a solid rod:

    $Y = \frac{\text{stress}}{\text{strain}} = \frac{F/A}{\Delta L / L}$

    So if we know the material’s stiffness, the original dimensions, and how much we want to stretch it, we can directly solve for the force. The key is to keep units consistent — here the area is given in $\mathrm{cm^2}$ but must be converted to $\mathrm{m^2}$.

    Step-by-step solution

    1. Write down the given data

       • Young’s modulus: $Y = 110 \times 10^9\ \mathrm{N/m^2}$
       • Original length: $L = 2\ \mathrm{m}$
       • Cross-sectional area: $A = 0.5\ \mathrm{cm^2}$
       • Percentage increase in length: $0.1\%$ → strain $\frac{\Delta L}{L} = \frac{0.1}{100} = 0.001$

    2. Convert area to SI units

       Since $1\ \mathrm{cm^2} = 10^{-4}\ \mathrm{m^2}$,

    $A = 0.5 \times 10^{-4}\ \mathrm{m^2} = 5.0 \times 10^{-5}\ \mathrm{m^2}$

    3. Apply the Young’s modulus formula From $Y = \frac{F/A}{\Delta L / L}$, rearrange for force:

    $F = Y \cdot A \cdot \frac{\Delta L}{L}$

    4. Substitute the numbers

    $F = (110 \times 10^9) \times (5.0 \times 10^{-5}) \times (0.001)$

    First multiply the first two:

    $110 \times 10^9 \times 5.0 \times 10^{-5} = 550 \times 10^{4} = 5.5 \times 10^{6}$

    Then multiply by $0.001 = 10^{-3}$:

    $F = 5.5 \times 10^{6} \times 10^{-3} = 5.5 \times 10^{3} = 5500\ \mathrm{N}$

    Watch out

    A common mistake is forgetting to convert the area from $\mathrm{cm^2}$ to $\mathrm{m^2}$. Using $0.5\ \mathrm{cm^2}$ directly would give a force 10 000 times too small — a trap that leads to option (A) 2750 N if you also misplace a factor of 2. Always check units before plugging in.

    Tip

    Notice that the strain is $0.1\% = 0.001$, so the force is simply $Y \times A \times 0.001$. This makes mental estimation easy: $110 \times 10^9 \times 5 \times 10^{-5} = 5.5 \times 10^6$, then $0.001$ gives 5500 N.

    ✓Final answer

    The correct option is (D).

    ANSWER: D

11. TG EAPCET 2022Set eng-2022-07-19-AN1 markMCQ
    Q.Two wires of same length having radius of $2\,\text{mm}$ and $1.5\,\text{mm}$ respectively are loaded with same weights. Extension of the second wire is double than that of the first wire. What is the ratio of the Young's modulus of the first wire to that of the second wire? (A) $\dfrac{8}{9}$ (B) $\dfrac{9}{8}$ (C) $\dfrac{3}{4}$ (D) $\dfrac{4}{3}$

    ›Reveal solutionSolution

    Young's modulus relates stress to strain. Using the formula for extension $\Delta L = \frac{FL}{\pi r^2 Y}$ and the given conditions, we find the ratio of Young's moduli. The ratio of Young's modulus of the first wire to the second wire is $\boxed{\dfrac{9}{8}}$.

    Concept and Intuition

    Young's modulus, denoted by $Y$, is a fundamental property of an elastic material that quantifies its stiffness or resistance to elastic deformation under tensile or compressive stress. It is defined as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain.

    • Stress ($\sigma$) is the internal restoring force per unit cross-sectional area. For a wire under tension, it is given by $\sigma = \frac{F}{A}$, where $F$ is the applied force (load) and $A$ is the cross-sectional area.
    • Strain ($\epsilon$) is the fractional change in length. For a wire, it is given by $\epsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L}$, where $\Delta L$ is the extension (change in length) and $L$ is the original length.

    Combining these definitions, Young's modulus is:

    $Y = \frac{\text{Stress}}{\text{Strain}} = \frac{F/A}{\Delta L/L} = \frac{FL}{A \Delta L}$

    For a wire with a circular cross-section, the area $A = \pi r^2$, where $r$ is the radius. Substituting this into the formula for $Y$:

    $Y = \frac{FL}{\pi r^2 \Delta L}$

    Often, it's more convenient to rearrange this formula to express the extension $\Delta L$ in terms of the other parameters:

    $\Delta L = \frac{FL}{\pi r^2 Y}$

    This formula is crucial for solving this problem. It shows that for a given force ($F$) and length ($L$), the extension ($\Delta L$) is inversely proportional to the square of the radius ($r^2$) and the Young's modulus ($Y$). This means a thicker wire (larger $r$) or a stiffer material (larger $Y$) will experience less extension for the same load.

    In this problem, we have two wires with several common parameters (length, load) and some differing parameters (radius, extension, Young's modulus). Our strategy will be to write the extension formula for each wire, use the given relationship between their extensions, and then solve for the ratio of their Young's moduli.

    Step-by-step Solution

    1. Identify and list the given parameters for both wires:

       Let's use subscript '1' for the first wire and '2' for the second wire.

       • Length: Both wires have the same length. $L_1 = L_2 = L$
       • Radius: $r_1 = 2\,\text{mm}$ $r_2 = 1.5\,\text{mm}$
       • Load (Force): Both wires are loaded with the same weights. $F_1 = F_2 = F$
       • Extension: The extension of the second wire is double that of the first wire. $\Delta L_2 = 2 \Delta L_1$
       • Goal: We need to find the ratio of Young's modulus of the first wire to that of the second wire, i.e., $\frac{Y_1}{Y_2}$.

    2. Write the expression for extension for each wire:

       Using the formula $\Delta L = \frac{FL}{\pi r^2 Y}$:

       For the first wire:

    $\Delta L_1 = \frac{F_1 L_1}{\pi r_1^2 Y_1}$

    Substituting $F_1 = F$ and $L_1 = L$:
    

    $\Delta L_1 = \frac{FL}{\pi r_1^2 Y_1} \quad \text{(Equation 1)}$

    For the second wire:
    

    $\Delta L_2 = \frac{F_2 L_2}{\pi r_2^2 Y_2}$

    Substituting $F_2 = F$ and $L_2 = L$:
    

    $\Delta L_2 = \frac{FL}{\pi r_2^2 Y_2} \quad \text{(Equation 2)}$

    3. Use the relationship between extensions to form an equation: We are given that $\Delta L_2 = 2 \Delta L_1$. Substitute the expressions for $\Delta L_1$ and $\Delta L_2$ from Equations 1 and 2 into this relationship:

    $\frac{FL}{\pi r_2^2 Y_2} = 2 \left( \frac{FL}{\pi r_1^2 Y_1} \right)$

    4. Simplify the equation and solve for the ratio $\frac{Y_1}{Y_2}$: Notice that $F$, $L$, and $\pi$ are common terms on both sides of the equation. We can cancel them out:

    $\frac{1}{r_2^2 Y_2} = \frac{2}{r_1^2 Y_1}$

    Now, rearrange the equation to isolate the ratio $\frac{Y_1}{Y_2}$:
    Multiply both sides by $Y_1$:
    

    $\frac{Y_1}{r_2^2 Y_2} = \frac{2}{r_1^2}$

    Multiply both sides by $r_2^2$:
    

    $\frac{Y_1}{Y_2} = \frac{2 r_2^2}{r_1^2}$

    This can also be written as:
    

    $\frac{Y_1}{Y_2} = 2 \left( \frac{r_2}{r_1} \right)^2$

    Now, substitute the given values for $r_1$ and $r_2$:
    $r_1 = 2\,\text{mm}$
    $r_2 = 1.5\,\text{mm}$
    

    $\frac{Y_1}{Y_2} = 2 \left( \frac{1.5\,\text{mm}}{2\,\text{mm}} \right)^2$

    $\frac{Y_1}{Y_2} = 2 \left( \frac{3/2}{2} \right)^2$

    $\frac{Y_1}{Y_2} = 2 \left( \frac{3}{4} \right)^2$

    $\frac{Y_1}{Y_2} = 2 \left( \frac{9}{16} \right)$

    $\frac{Y_1}{Y_2} = \frac{18}{16}$

    $\frac{Y_1}{Y_2} = \frac{9}{8}$

    The ratio of the Young's modulus of the first wire to that of the second wire is $\frac{9}{8}$.

    ✓Final answer

    The ratio of the Young's modulus of the first wire to that of the second wire is $\boxed{\dfrac{9}{8}}$.

12. TG EAPCET 2022Set eng-2022-07-19-FN1 markMCQ
    Q.An object of mass $15\, \text{kg}$ is attached to the end of a metal wire of unstretched length $1.0\, \text{m}$. The object is then whirled in a vertical circle with an angular velocity of $4\, \text{rad/s}$ at the bottom of the circle. If the cross sectional area of the wire is $0.05\, \text{cm}^2$ and Young's modulus of metal is $2 \times 10^{11}\, \text{N/m}^2$, then the elongation of the wire when the mass is at the lowest point of its path (Take $g = 10\, \text{m/s}^2$) (A) $0.27\, \text{mm}$ (B) $0.39\, \text{mm}$ (C) $0.55\, \text{mm}$ (D) $0.25\, \text{mm}$

    ›Reveal solutionSolution

    The elongation is found by applying Hooke’s law to the wire under the total tension at the bottom of the vertical circle — the tension is the sum of the centripetal force and the weight. The result is 0.39 mm, option (B).

    The key idea is that the wire stretches because of the tension in it. At the bottom of the vertical circle, the tension is not just the weight — it must also provide the centripetal force to keep the mass moving in a circle. Once we know the tension, Young’s modulus gives us the elongation directly.

    1. Find the tension at the lowest point. At the bottom of the vertical circle, the centripetal force is directed upward (toward the centre). The forces on the mass are: tension $T$ upward and weight $mg$ downward. The net upward force provides the centripetal acceleration:

    $T - mg = m \omega^2 r$

    Here $r$ is the radius of the circle, which is the stretched length of the wire. But the elongation is tiny compared to $1.0$ m, so we can safely take $r \approx 1.0$ m for the force calculation.

    $T = m(g + \omega^2 r) = 15\,(10 + 4^2 \times 1.0) = 15 \times (10 + 16) = 15 \times 26 = 390\ \text{N}$

    2. Apply Young’s modulus to find elongation. Young’s modulus $Y$ relates stress and strain:

    $Y = \frac{\text{stress}}{\text{strain}} = \frac{T/A}{\Delta L / L}$

    Rearranging:

    $\Delta L = \frac{T L}{A Y}$

    Convert area to $\text{m}^2$: $0.05\ \text{cm}^2 = 0.05 \times 10^{-4}\ \text{m}^2 = 5 \times 10^{-6}\ \text{m}^2$.

    Now plug in:

    $\Delta L = \frac{390 \times 1.0}{(5 \times 10^{-6}) \times (2 \times 10^{11})} = \frac{390}{10^{6}} = 3.9 \times 10^{-4}\ \text{m}$

    That is $0.39$ mm.

    Watch out

    A common mistake is to forget the centripetal term and use only $mg$ for the tension. That gives $T = 150$ N and an elongation of $0.15$ mm — not among the options, so it’s a good check that you need both forces.

    Tip

    Because the elongation is tiny ($\approx 0.04\%$ of the original length), using the unstretched length $1.0$ m for $r$ is an excellent approximation. If you tried to solve it exactly (with $r = 1.0 + \Delta L$), the correction would be negligible.

    ✓Final answer

    The elongation is $\boxed{0.39\ \text{mm}}$, which corresponds to option (B).