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Exercises · Q2

Q.What is a proforma invoice? How does it differ from an account sales? Explain the purpose of each document in a consignment transaction.

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A proforma invoice is prepared by the consignor and sent along with (or ahead of) the goods. It resembles an ordinary invoice in form — it lists description, quantity and price — but it does not create a sale, and therefore does not make the consignee a debtor for that amount. Its purposes are: (i) to tell the consignee the price at (or above) which he should sell; (ii) to support insurance and transport claims while goods are in transit; and (iii) to give the consignee a figure against which to value any closing stock in his own periodical reports.

An account sales, by contrast, is prepared by the consignee and sent back to the consignor after some or all of the goods have actually been sold. It reports: the quantity received and the quantity sold; the price at which the goods were sold and the total sale proceeds; the expenses incurred by the consignee on the consignor's behalf; the commission (ordinary/del credere/over-riding, as agreed) due to the consignee; the net balance remitted or still due to the consignor; and the quantity of goods remaining unsold.

The key difference is direction and timing — a proforma invoice moves from consignor to consignee before any sale, while an account sales moves from consignee to consignor after the sale — and consequence: the proforma invoice creates no accounting entries of sale or debt at all, whereas every entry for sales, expenses and commission in the consignor's books is taken directly from the account sales.

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Proforma invoice = sent by consignor with the goods, before any sale, purely informational (no debt created). Account sales = sent by consignee after the sale, reporting sales, expenses, commission and the balance due — the source document for all of the consignor's consignment entries.

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