Ch 3Plant Kingdom — Class 11 Biology, concept-first.

The previous chapter looked at how living organisms as a whole are grouped, following the Five Kingdom system proposed by R.H.

Algae are the simplest members of the plant kingdom. They carry chlorophyll, so they make their own food (they are autotrophic), yet their body stays simple and undifferentiated — it is a thallus, mea…

The members of Chlorophyceae are the green algae — the group whose fresh, grass-green colour makes them the most familiar of the algae.

The members of Phaeophyceae are the brown algae, and they belong chiefly to the sea — marine habitats are their main home.

The members of Rhodophyceae are the red algae. Their name comes from the red pigment r-phycoerythrin, which is so abundant in the body that it masks the other colours and gives the group its character…

Bryophytes are the group of simple land plants that includes the mosses and the liverworts. They are commonly seen growing in moist, shaded places, such as the damp hillsides where they form soft gree…

Liverworts are one of the two groups of bryophytes. They favour moist, shady habitats and are typically found along the banks of streams, on marshy ground, on damp soil, on the bark of trees, and deep…

Mosses are the second group of bryophytes. In their life cycle the gametophyte is the dominant, most prominent stage, and this gametophyte passes through two distinct stages.

Pteridophytes are a group of plants that includes the horsetails and the ferns. They have several practical uses: they are employed for medicinal purposes, act as soil-binders that hold the soil toget…

Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants whose defining feature is written into their name: gymnos means naked and sperma means seed.

Angiosperms, commonly called the flowering plants, differ from gymnosperms in a fundamental way. In gymnosperms the ovules lie naked, but in angiosperms both the pollen grains and the ovules are produ…

The plant kingdom brings together five great groups — the algae, the bryophytes, the pteridophytes, the gymnosperms and the angiosperms.

Higher-order thinking / exemplar-style practice problems.