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Comparative development indicators are the specific facts and figures — dates of key plans and reforms, health outcomes, and poverty levels — that let us place India, China and Pakistan side by side and see how each has fared. Knowing these landmark indicators is what makes a rigorous comparison possible rather than a vague impression.

A few reference points are essential. On planning, Pakistan's First Five Year Plan commenced in 1956, while China's growth-defining market reforms were introduced in 1978; India had begun its own First Five Year Plan in 1951. On health, the maternal mortality rate — the number of women dying from pregnancy-related causes per lakh of live births — is markedly high in Pakistan compared with China, reflecting weaker maternal healthcare. On poverty, the proportion of people living below the poverty line is higher in India than in Pakistan in the standard comparison, and both exceed China, which has driven poverty down sharply through rapid, broad-based growth. …