Physical Education · Class 12 Optional
Ch 7Physiology and Injuries in Sports — Class 12 Physical Education, concept-first.
Every time an athlete trains or competes, the body responds as one coordinated machine: muscles contract, the heart beats faster, breathing deepens and stored fuel is released to power the effort.
Key concepts
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Educational Assessment Concepts
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Chapter contents
The NCERT structure, section by section. Open a section to see its questions, then read the concept-first solution.
Introduction
Every time an athlete trains or competes, the body responds as one coordinated machine: muscles contract, the heart beats faster, breathing deepens and stored fuel is released to power the effort.
Physiological Factors Determining the Component of Physical Fitness
Exercise physiology is the study of how the human body responds and adapts to exercise. Almost every system of the body is drawn into that response — the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardio…
Skeletal Muscles Factor
Skeletal muscles are made up of muscle fibres, which fall into two broad categories: slow-twitch fibres (Type I) and fast-twitch fibres (Type II).
Energy Production Factor
Cellular respiration is the process by which the energy currency of the cell, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), is formed from food.
Cardiorespiratory Factor
The cardiorespiratory system is the combination of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, which work together to transport oxygen to the cells and to support metabolism by delivering the nutrient…
Physical Fitness Components Determined by the Physiological Factors
10 QHaving looked at the three physiological factors, we can now see how they combine to determine the components of physical fitness.
+−7.1.4 — Extension Activity1 question
+−7.1.4 — Multiple Choice Questions4 questions
- Q1____________________ system provide energy during 5000m race. a. ATP CP system b. Anaerobic System c. Aerobic System d. Endurance SystemFree
- Q2Slow twist fibres are of ____________________ colour. a. Red b. White c. Black d. BlueFree
- Q3Vo2 max is related to __________________ a. Muscular system b. Respiratory system c. Cardiovascular system d. Energy production systemPreview
- Q4Which is NOT a property of muscles? a. Contractility b. Excitability c. Extensibility d. DurabilityPreview
+−7.1.4 — Short Answer Questions4 questions
+−7.1.4 — Long Answer Questions1 question
Effect of Exercise on Muscular System
8 QExercise is a series of sustained muscle contractions, either long or short depending on the nature of the activity.
+−7.2 — Multiple Choice Questions4 questions
- Q1Which is not a long term effects of exercise on muscular system? a. Hypertrophy of muscle b. Increased metabolism c. Increased Myoglobin d.…Free
- Q2Which is not a short term effects of exercise on muscular system? a. Accumulation of Lactate b. Micro-tears in muscle fibers c. Increase mus…Free
- Q3Physical activity helps to increase ________________________. a. size of muscle b. size of bone c. size of brain d. size of liverPreview
- Q4Increase in glycogen stored in muscle is an effect of __________ a. Aerobic Training b. Anaerobic Training c. Cross Training d. Multi tranin…Preview
+−7.2 — Short Answer Questions3 questions
+−7.2 — Long Answer Questions1 question
Effect of Exercise on Cardiorespiratory System
13 QThe cardiorespiratory system is made up of two parts that work as one: the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system.
+−7.3 — Multiple Choice Questions4 questions
- Q1The resting Cardiac output is approximately. a. 10.0 lt. b. 1.0 lt. c. 5.0 lt. d. 15.0 ltFree
- Q2The volume of blood pumped during one beat (contraction) is called, a. Blood flow b. Stroke volume c. Veins and arteries d. CapillariesFree
- Q3Cardiac hypertrophy is a. plateauing of heart rate due to maximal exercise intensity b. enlargement of heart due to chronic endurance traini…Preview
- Q4The amount of breath per minute increases during exercise to: a. 20 breath per minute b. 40 breath per minute c. 30 breath per minute d. 10…Preview
+−7.3 — Short Answer Questions6 questions
- Q1What is Stroke Volume?Free
- Q2What is Residual Volume?Free
- Q3What are the effects of exercise on the heart?Preview
- Q4Write briefly about the effect of training on a. Blood flow b. Blood volumePreview
- Q5How does cardiac output respond to training?Preview
- Q6What is pulmonary diffusion? How does it respond to training?Preview
Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular System
The effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system, like those on the muscles, can be divided into short-term and long-term effects.
+−7.3.1 — Extension Activity1 question
Effect of Exercise on Respiratory System
Exercise changes the way the respiratory system works, again with both short-term and long-term effects.
+−7.3.2 — Extension Activity1 question
Physiological Changes Due to Ageing
6 QAgeing is an inevitable and highly complex, multifactorial process marked by the progressive degeneration of the body's organ systems and tissues.
+−7.4 — Multiple Choice Questions5 questions
- Q1Men and women usually attain their highest strength levels between the ages of a. 1 and 2 b. 5 and 7 c. 7 and 11 d. 20 and 40Free
- Q2It is a measure of the amount of minerals (mostly calcium and phosphorous) contained in a certain volume of bone, a. Body composition b. Bon…Free
- Q3The chemical substances synthesized by specific host glands, secreted into the blood, and carried throughout the body are called a. hormones…Preview
- Q4It is a disease in which bone weakening increases the risk of a broken bone a. Measles b. Osteoporosis c. Atherosclerosis d. BeriberiPreview
- Q5Decrease in size of a body part, cell, organ, or other tissue is called a. Myopia b. Atrophy c. Cardiac arrest d. Cardiac cyclePreview
+−7.4 — Long Answer Questions1 question
Sports Injuries
11 QSports participation and regular exercise can be interrupted whenever an athlete picks up an injury — sometimes ending active participation for a while, sometimes leaving a painful experience that lin…
+−7.5 — Multiple Choice Questions4 questions
- Q1A sprain is an injury to: a. Muscle b. Tendon c. Ligament d. BoneFree
- Q2A fracture is an example of injury to a. skin b. soft tissue c. hard tissue d. eyesFree
- Q3A soft tissue injury damages a. ligaments and tendons b. bone c. cartilage and muscles d. carpalsPreview
- Q4A fracture in which the bone breaks diagonally is called a _________________ fracture. a. Greenstick b. Impacted c. Oblique d. TransversePreview
+−7.5 — Short Answer Questions2 questions
+−7.5 — Long Answer Questions2 questions
+−7.5 — Table Completion1 question
+−7.5 — Sports Integration1 question
+−7.5 — Case Study Questions1 question
Classification of Sports Injuries
Sports injuries can be classified according to the cause of the injury. The NCERT/CBSE Class 12 Physical Education syllabus groups them into five broad categories.
+−7.5.1 — Extension Activity1 question
Types of Sports Injuries
Besides classifying injuries by their cause, sports injuries can also be described by their nature. The chart below shows the different ways a sports injury may be viewed.
Soft Tissue Injuries
A soft tissue injury is damage to the muscles, ligaments and tendons anywhere in the body. The six soft tissue injuries named in the CBSE Class 12 Physical Education syllabus are shown below.
Hard Tissue Injuries
An injury to the skeletal system of the body — one in which a bone cracks or breaks — is called a hard tissue injury. Hard tissue injuries are of two kinds: dislocation and fractures.
+−7.5.4 — Extension Activity1 question
Summary
- Exercise physiology studies how the body responds to exercise. Three physiological factors determine the components of physical fitness — the skeletal-muscle factor (the mix of slow-twitch Type I an…
More questions
51 Q+−Show 49 questionsHide questions49 questions
- Q1What is meant by exercise physiology? Explain its importance in the field of sports.Free
- Q1An injury in which a ligament — the tissue that joins bone to bone at a joint — is over-stretched or torn is called a: (a) strain (b) sprain…Free
- Q1Define exercise physiology.Free
- Q1Explain any three physiological factors that determine endurance.Preview
- Q1Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. During an inter-school football match, Arjun lands awkwardly after jumping…Preview
- Q1What is first aid? Explain in detail its aims and objectives, and describe any four qualities of a good first-aider.Preview
- Q2Explain the physiological factors that determine strength and speed.Preview
- Q2An incomplete fracture in which the bone bends and cracks on one side but does not break all the way through, seen almost exclusively in chi…Preview
- Q2What is muscle hypertrophy? Name the two types of hypertrophy.Preview
- Q2Explain any three immediate (acute) responses of the muscular system to exercise, and state why each is useful to the working muscle.Preview
- Q2Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Mr. Rao is 68 years old and has been sedentary for most of his adult life.…Preview
- Q2Describe the PRICE protocol for the management of sports injuries. For each of the five steps, state its purpose, the correct method of appl…Preview
- Q3Explain the physiological factors that determine endurance and flexibility.Preview
- Q3A fracture in which the bone shatters into three or more fragments is a: (a) transverse fracture (b) greenstick fracture (c) impacted fractu…Preview
- Q3Differentiate between a sprain and a strain in one sentence each, naming the tissue injured in each case.Preview
- Q3Explain the three grades of a sprain (Grade I, Grade II and Grade III) with the signs of each.Preview
- Q3Draw a classification chart of sports injuries. Explain the bone and joint injuries in detail — dislocation and the five types of fracture (…Preview
- Q4Describe the immediate (short-term) effects of exercise on the cardio-respiratory system.Preview
- Q4A wound with clean, smooth, straight edges produced by a sharp-edged object such as a skate blade is called a/an: (a) laceration (b) incisio…Preview
- Q4What is first aid? State its three aims.Preview
- Q4Explain any three qualities of a good first-aider and why each matters on the field of play.Preview
- Q4Explain any five physiological changes that occur due to ageing. For each change, state one type of exercise that can slow the decline, and…Preview
- Q5Explain any five long-term effects of regular exercise on the cardio-respiratory system.Preview
- Q5Cardiac output (Q) is correctly expressed as: (a) Q = HR + SV (b) Q = HR × SV (c) Q = SV ÷ HR (d) Q = SV - HRPreview
- Q5What is sarcopenia? State any one reason why it occurs with ageing.Preview
- Q5A resting adult has a heart rate of 72 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL. (i) Calculate his resting cardiac output in litres per…Preview
- Q6Explain the effect of exercise on the muscular system, distinguishing between the immediate and the long-term adaptations.Preview
- Q6Using the standard estimate HRₘₐₓ ≈ 220 - age, the estimated maximum heart rate of a 17-year-old student is: (a) 183 bpm (b) 193 bpm (c) 203…Preview
- Q6Expand the abbreviation PRICE and state the purpose of the 'E' (Elevation) step.Preview
- Q6State the 'no-HARM' principle followed for 72 hours after a soft-tissue injury and explain why heat and massage in particular must be avoide…Preview
- Q7What is muscle hypertrophy? Explain how regular strength training brings about changes in the muscular system.Preview
- Q7Which of the following is a CHRONIC (long-term) adaptation of the cardio-respiratory system to regular endurance training, and not an acute…Preview
- Q8Explain any five physiological changes that occur in the human body due to ageing.Preview
- Q8Muscle hypertrophy, the main long-term adaptation to resistance training, means: (a) an increase in the number of muscle fibres (b) an incre…Preview
- Q9“Regular physical activity can slow down the physiological changes due to ageing.” Discuss this statement.Preview
- Q9The physiological factor that contributes MOST to an athlete's maximum sprinting speed is: (a) a high proportion of Type I (slow-twitch) fib…Preview
- Q10Classify sports injuries. Explain any four soft-tissue injuries with their causes.Preview
- Q10VO_2max, the best single indicator of cardio-respiratory endurance, is the product of: (a) heart rate and breathing rate (b) maximal cardiac…Preview
- Q11Differentiate between a sprain and a strain. State the causes and the treatment of each.Preview
- Q11The progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass that occurs with ageing, largely due to the loss of Type II fibres, is called: (a) osteoporosis…Preview
- Q12What is a fracture? Explain the different types of fractures — greenstick, comminuted, transverse, oblique and impacted.Preview
- Q12The three aims of first aid are summarised by the mnemonic P.P.P. The aim that always takes the highest priority is to: (a) promote recovery…Preview
- Q13Explain the RICE and PRICE protocols used in the immediate treatment of sports injuries.Preview
- Q13In the PRICE protocol for the immediate management of a soft-tissue injury, the letter 'P' at the beginning stands for: (a) Pressure (b) Pro…Preview
- Q14Suggest any six measures that can help in the prevention of sports injuries.Preview
- Q14While applying ice to a freshly sprained ankle, a single application should last for about: (a) 2–5 minutes (b) 15–20 minutes (c) 45–60 minu…Preview
- Q15What is a dislocation? Explain its causes, symptoms and treatment with a suitable example.Preview
- Q15For the first 72 hours after a soft-tissue injury, the 'no-HARM' principle is followed. Here the letters H, A, R and M stand for avoiding: (…Preview
- Q16A rugby player's shoulder is visibly deformed after a tackle and he cannot move the joint at all. The correct first-aid action is to: (a) pu…Preview