Q.List any four adaptations shown by prey species to reduce the chance of being caught by a predator.

Prey species have evolved several counter-adaptations against predation. Cryptic colouration lets a prey animal blend into its surroundings so a predator simply fails to detect it. Aposematic (warning) colouration, paired with genuine toxicity, signals to a predator that the prey is dangerous or unpalatable, discouraging attack after one bad experience. Batesian mimicry is used by some genuinely harmless species that closely resemble a toxic or dangerous species, gaining protection by "borrowing" the toxic species' reputation. Physical defences such as thorns (as in Opuntia and Acacia), spines, or hard shells provide a direct mechanical deterrent. Many species also rely on behavioural strategies, such as staying vigilant, giving alarm calls, or li …

Try to include at least one CHEMICAL/toxin-based defence and one BEHAVIOURAL defence alongside the more obvious colouration-based ones — a compl …

Do not confuse aposematic (warning) colouration, which advertises real danger, with cryptic colouration, which conceals — these are opposite strateg …