Q.Differentiate between following with the help of an example:

Function Scope Distinction — The Intuition

Imagine you live in a house with several rooms. In the living room, there is a clock on the wall. Everyone in the living room can see that clock. But if you walk into the bedroom, you cannot see the living room clock — unless someone brings it in. However, the bedroom has its own alarm clock. That alarm clock is only visible inside the bedroom.

This is exactly how scope works in programming (and in mathematics, when we talk about variables in functions).

A function creates its own "room." Variables defined inside that function are like the bedroom alarm clock — they exist only inside that room. Variables defined outside are like the living room clock — they are visible everywhere, including inside the bedroom, unless the bedroom has its own clock with the same name.

The Precise Statement

Function Scope Distinction means: variables declared inside a function are local to that function — they are not accessible outside it. Variables declared outside any function are global — they are accessible everywhere (including inside functions), unless a local variable with the same name "shadows" them.

Formally:

• Global scope: Variables declared at the top level of a program (outside all functions). They are visible from any point in the code after their declaration.
• Local (function) scope: Variables declared inside a function body (including its parameters). They are visible only within that function, from the point of declaration to the end of the function.

Why This Matters

Consider this example (in a generic pseudocode):

x = 10          // global x

function f():
    y = 5       // local y — exists only inside f
    print(x)    // works: global x is visible
    print(y)    // works: local y is visible

function g():
    print(y)    // ERROR! y is not defined here — y is local to f
    print(x)    // works: global x is still visible

f()             // prints 10, then 5
g()             // error on y, then prints 10

The variable y is local to f. It simply does not exist outside f. The variable x is global — it exists everywhere.

Shadowing — When Local Overrides Global

What happens if a local variable has the same name as a global variable?

x = 10          // global x

function f():
    x = 20      // local x — this creates a NEW variable, separate from global x …