Q.Discuss population as a human resource, explaining the quantitative and qualitative aspects of population, and the measures needed to convert it into productive human capital.

Human capital is the stock of knowledge, skill, education, training and health embodied in people that raises their productivity; it is created by investing in education, health and skill development.

This is a 2-mark short-note question in the AP Intermediate 2nd-year Economics human-resources unit.

Human capital means the productive qualities built into human beings. Just as physical capital (machines, buildings) is created by investment, human capital is created by investment in education, training, health and nutrition. A more educated, skilled and healthy workforce produces more and better output, so human capital is a key source of economic growth and development.

Sarva Siksha Abhiyan is a flagship government scheme to achieve universal elementary education for all children aged 6 to 14, by expanding schools, improving infrastructure and teaching, and reducing dropouts and gender gaps.

This is a 2-mark short note in the AP Intermediate 2nd-year Economics human-resources unit.

Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (meaning 'Education for All Movement') was launched to provide free and compulsory elementary education to every child in the 6 to 14 age group, giving effect to the Right to Education. Its aims include opening new schools where needed, improving existing schools with buildings, toilets, drinking water and teachers, bringing out-of-school children into school, and reducing dropout rates and gender and social gaps in education. By raising literacy and schooling it strengthens human capital.

TRYSEM — Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment — was a rural development scheme that gave skill and entrepreneurship training to poor rural youth so that they could start self-employment ventures or get jobs, thereby reducing rural unemployment and poverty.

This is a 2-mark short note in the AP Intermediate 2nd-year Economics human-resources unit.

TRYSEM stands for Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment. It was started to equip young men and women (usually aged 18 to 35) from rural poor families with technical skills and training so that they could set up their own small enterprises or find productive wage employment. It was linked with other rural development and self-employment programmes and aimed at building human capital in villages and reducing rural unemployment and poverty. It was later merged into broader self-employment programmes.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2001) is a national programme for universal elementary education for children aged 6-14, aiming to enrol all children, improve school infrastructure and quality, and reduce gender and social gaps; it is linked to the Right to Education.

This is a 2-mark short note in AP Intermediate 2nd year Economics, connected to the human-capital theme, treated in line with the NCERT/CBSE curriculum.

About Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, launched in 2001, is the Government of India's flagship scheme for the universalisation of elementary education. Its aims are to provide free and compulsory education to all children in the 6 to 14 age group, to open new schools and strengthen existing ones with buildings, teachers and teaching aids, to improve the quality of education, and to bridge gender and social-category gaps by bringing out-of-school children, especially girls and children from weaker sections, into the schooling system. It is a central instrument for building India's human capital and is supported by the Right to Education Act, 2009. (It is now implemented as part of the integrated Samagra Shiksha scheme.)

Janani Suraksha Yojana (2005, under the National Rural Health Mission) gives cash assistance to poor pregnant women for institutional (hospital) delivery, aiming to reduce maternal and infant mortality.

This is a 2-mark short note in AP Intermediate 2nd year Economics, linked to the human-capital and health theme, treated in line with the NCERT/CBSE curriculum.

About Janani Suraksha Yojana. Janani Suraksha Yojana is a maternal-health scheme launched in 2005 as part of the National Rural Health Mission. It provides conditional cash assistance to pregnant women, especially those from poor and rural households, who deliver their babies in government or accredited health institutions instead of at home. By encouraging institutional deliveries under trained medical care, the scheme aims to reduce maternal mortality and infant mortality and to improve the health of mothers and new-born children. The programme is an important part of India's effort to build human capital through better health care.

Sarva Siksha Abhiyan, launched in 2001, is India's major programme for universal elementary education — getting all children aged 6 to 14 into school, providing infrastructure and teachers, improving quality and cutting dropouts. It supports the Right to Education and builds human capital. This is an AP Intermediate 2nd-year Economics topic on human-resource development.

Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA), meaning 'Education for All' movement, is a flagship centrally sponsored programme of the Government of India launched in 2001. Its features and objectives are:

1. To provide universal, free and compulsory elementary education to all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years.
2. To open new schools where needed and strengthen existing schools with additional classrooms, toilets, drinking water and teaching material.
3. To appoint and train teachers and improve the quality of teaching and learning.
4. To bridge social and gender gaps in education, bringing girls, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other disadvantaged groups into school.
5. To reduce dropout rates and ensure that children complete elementary schooling.

SSA gives practical effect to the goal of the Right to Education and helps build the nation's human capital by raising literacy and basic education.

TRYSEM, meaning Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment, was a 1979 rural-development scheme that trained poor rural youth in technical and vocational skills so they could become self-employed or find wage work, and was later merged into the SGSY. This is an AP Intermediate 2nd-year Economics topic on rural employment and human-resource development.

TRYSEM is the short form of 'Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment'. Its main points are:

1. It was launched in 1979 as a rural-development and employment programme.

2. Its aim was to provide technical skills and entrepreneurial training to rural youth, generally in the age group of 18 to 35 years, drawn from families living below the poverty line.

3. The training equipped them to take up self-employment in agriculture, industry, services and business, or to find wage employment.

4. It thus sought to reduce rural unemployment and poverty by building the skills of rural youth.

5. The scheme was later merged into the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) in 1999, which brought several self-employment programmes together.

Janani Suraksha Yojana is a safe-motherhood scheme under the National Rural Health Mission (2005) that gives cash assistance to pregnant women, especially from poor families, to encourage delivery in hospitals and reduce maternal and infant mortality.

Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) is a health and human-development programme covered in the Population and Human Resources Development topic of the AP Intermediate 2nd-year Economics course (aligned with the NCERT/CBSE commerce curriculum).

Main features. It was launched in 2005 under the National Rural Health Mission. It provides cash assistance to pregnant women, with special focus on poor and rural women, to encourage them to deliver their babies in hospitals and health centres rather than at home. By promoting institutional and safe deliveries, the scheme aims to reduce maternal mortality and infant mortality and to improve the health of mothers and newborns.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a national programme launched in 2001 to universalise elementary education for all children aged 6 to 14 by providing free and compulsory schooling, building schools, improving facilities and reducing drop-outs.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is an educational and human-capital programme covered in the Population and Human Resources Development topic of the AP Intermediate 2nd-year Economics course (aligned with the NCERT/CBSE commerce curriculum).

Main features. Launched in 2001, its aim is the universalisation of elementary education — that is, free and compulsory education for all children in the 6 to 14 age group, in line with the Right to Education. It works by opening new schools, providing additional classrooms and teachers, supplying free textbooks and improving school infrastructure, with special attention to girls, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and children with disabilities. It also aims to reduce drop-out rates and improve the quality of education.

TRYSEM (Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment), launched in 1979, gave skill and entrepreneurial training to rural youth from poor families aged 18 to 35 so they could become self-employed; it was later merged into larger rural self-employment programmes.

TRYSEM is a rural human-resource and employment programme covered in the AP Intermediate 2nd-year Economics course (aligned with the NCERT/CBSE commerce curriculum).

Main features. TRYSEM stands for Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment. It was started in 1979 with the objective of equipping rural youth, generally in the age group of 18 to 35 years and belonging to poor families below the poverty line, with technical and entrepreneurial skills. The training enabled them to take up self-employment in agriculture, industry, services and business, thereby reducing rural unemployment and poverty. In later years it was merged with other rural self-employment schemes such as the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana.