Q.Describes apartheid-era policy (whites vote/own property/travel freely, blacks needed passes, separate schools). Did Blacks have full/equal membership? What does this tell about group relationships?
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Start your 14-day free trial to unlock the full solution →Blacks in apartheid South Africa were legally present in the country but were denied nearly every element of full and equal membership — voting, property, free movement, integrated schooling — showing that a dominant group can use state power to keep a whole community as permanent 'outsiders' even on their own native soil.
Under South Africa's apartheid system (from the seventeenth century until 1994), the white minority held political and legal control and used it to deny Black South Africans the basic elements of citizenship: whites alone had the right to vote, contest elections, and form the government; whites alone could freely purchase property and travel to any part of the country. Black South Africans, by contrast, had none of these rights — they were confined to separate colonies, required to carry 'passes' merely to work in white neighbourhoods, barred from keeping their families with them in white areas, and educated in entirely separate, unequal schools.
Applying the chapter's own definition of citizenship — full and equal membership of a political community, involving equal rights and status — it is clear that Black South Africans did not have full and equal membership under apartheid. They lacked political rights (no vote, no right to contest elections), civil rights (no freedom of movement, no property rights, forced separation from family), and were denied equal access to public services like education — despite living in, and being native to, the same country as white South Africans. …
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