Physics · Ch 6 — System of Particles and Rotational Motion

Kinematics of Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis

6.10

Kinematics of Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis

Opening the Section: From Linear to Rotational Kinematics

You already know how to describe motion along a straight line using displacement, velocity, and acceleration — all linked by the equations of motion. Rotational motion about a fixed axis follows the same logical structure, but with angular quantities replacing their linear counterparts. The key insight is that every linear kinematic equation has a direct rotational analogue, provided the axis stays fixed in space.

For a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis, every particle moves in a circle centred on that axis. The angular displacement $\theta$ , angular velocity $\omega$ , and angular acceleration $\alpha$ are the same for all particles of the body — they are global quantities. This uniformity is what makes the kinematics of rotation so elegantly parallel to linear kinematics.

The Rotational Kinematic Variables

Let the axis of rotation be the $z$ -axis. At time $t = 0$ , let the angular position be $\theta_0$ . The angular velocity $\omega$ is the rate of change of angular displacement:

\omega = \frac{d\theta}{dt}

Angular acceleration $\alpha$ is the rate of change of angular velocity:

\alpha = \frac{d\omega}{dt} = \frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}

These definitions are exact analogues of $v = dx/dt$ and $a = dv/dt$ . The direction of $\omega$ is given by the right-hand rule (along the axis of rotation), and $\alpha$ points in the same direction as $\omega$ if the rotation is speeding up, opposite if slowing down.

Watch out

The equations we are about to derive assume constant angular acceleration ( $\alpha = \text{constant}$ ). If $\alpha$ varies with time, you must integrate the definitions directly — the constant-acceleration formulas do not apply.

Deriving the Equations of Rotational Motion (Constant $\alpha$ )

When $\alpha$ is constant, we can integrate the definitions exactly as we do for linear motion. Let $\omega_0$ be the angular velocity at $t = 0$ , and $\theta_0$ the initial angular position.

Step 1: Angular velocity as a function of time

From $\alpha = d\omega/dt$ , integrate:

\int_{\omega_0}^{\omega} d\omega = \int_0^t \alpha \, dt

Since $\alpha$ is constant:

\omega - \omega_0 = \alpha t

\boxed{\omega = \omega_0 + \alpha t}

This is the rotational analogue of $v = v_0 + at$ .

Step 2: Angular displacement as a function of time

From $\omega = d\theta/dt$ , substitute $\omega = \omega_0 + \alpha t$ :

\frac{d\theta}{dt} = \omega_0 + \alpha t

Integrate:

\int_{\theta_0}^{\theta} d\theta = \int_0^t (\omega_0 + \alpha t) \, dt

\theta - \theta_0 = \omega_0 t + \frac{1}{2} \alpha t^2

\boxed{\theta = \theta_0 + \omega_0 t + \frac{1}{2} \alpha t^2}

This is the rotational analogue of $x = x_0 + v_0 t + \frac12 a t^2$ .

Step 3: Angular velocity as a function of angular displacement

Eliminate $t$ between the first two equations. From $\omega = \omega_0 + \alpha t$ , we have $t = (\omega - \omega_0)/\alpha$ . Substitute into $\theta - \theta_0 = \omega_0 t + \frac12 \alpha t^2$ :

\theta - \theta_0 = \omega_0 \left(\frac{\omega - \omega_0}{\alpha}\right) + \frac12 \alpha \left(\frac{\omega - \omega_0}{\alpha}\right)^2

= \frac{\omega_0(\omega - \omega_0)}{\alpha} + \frac{(\omega - \omega_0)^2}{2\alpha}

Multiply through by $2\alpha$ :

2\alpha(\theta - \theta_0) = 2\omega_0(\omega - \omega_0) + (\omega - \omega_0)^2

Expand the right side: $2\omega_0\omega - 2\omega_0^2 + \omega^2 - 2\omega\omega_0 + \omega_0^2 = \omega^2 - \omega_0^2$ .

Thus:

\boxed{\omega^2 = \omega_0^2 + 2\alpha(\theta - \theta_0)}

This is the rotational analogue of $v^2 = v_0^2 + 2a(x - x_0)$ .

\alpha

Relating Rotational and Linear Quantities

For a particle at a perpendicular distance $r$ from the axis of rotation, its linear speed $v$ is related to the angular speed $\omega$ by:

v = r\omega

This follows because the particle travels an arc length $s = r\theta$ in time $t$ , so $v = ds/dt = r\, d\theta/dt = r\omega$ .

The tangential acceleration $a_t$ (the component of linear acceleration along the direction of motion) is:

a_t = r\alpha

And the centripetal (radial) acceleration $a_c$ is:

a_c = \frac{v^2}{r} = r\omega^2

The total linear acceleration of the particle is the vector sum of these two perpendicular components:

$a = \sqrt{a_t^2 + a_c^2} = \sqrt{(r\alpha)^2 + (r\omega^2)^2} = r\sqrt{\alpha^2 + \omega^4}$ …

Figure 6.29Specifying the angular position of a rigid body.

Fig. 6.29 — Specifying the angular position of a rigid body.

Drawn by us to help you understand the concept clearly, and verified to make sure it's accurate. For exams, practice from your NCERT textbook's own diagram.

The figure shows a rigid body of arbitrary shape rotating about a fixed vertical $z$ -axis. The axis passes through a fixed origin $O$ . Two sets of axes are drawn: the stationary axes $x$ , $y$ , $z$ (with $z$ vertical), and the rotating axes $x'$ , $y'$ , $z$ (the $z$ -axis is common to both). The $x'$ and $y'$ axes are fixed in the body and rotate with it.

A point $C$ is marked on the body — it is the centre of a horizontal dashed circle. This dashed circle lies in a plane perpendicular to the $z$ -axis. The point $C$ is the foot of the perpendicular from the body's centre of mass onto the rotation axis, but more importantly, it is the centre of the circular path traced by any particle of the body that lies in that horizontal plane.

A specific particle $P$ of the rigid body is shown. Its initial position is labelled $P_0$ , and its current position is $P$ . The angular position of the particle (and hence of the whole rigid body) is measured by the angle $\theta$ that the line $CP$ makes with the rotating $x'$ -axis. The initial angular position is $\theta_0$ , the angle that $CP_0$ makes with the same $x'$ -axis.

The key physical idea is this: for a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis, every particle moves in a circle centred on the axis. The entire body's orientation is completely specified by a single angular coordinate $\theta$ — the angle through which the body has rotated from some reference orientation. This is the rotational analogue of the linear coordinate $x$ for translational motion.

The textbook develops the kinematic equations for rotational motion using this figure. The angular displacement is $\Delta\theta = \theta - \theta_0$ . The average angular velocity is $\omega_{av} = \Delta\theta / \Delta t$ , and the instantaneous angular velocity is $\omega = d\theta/dt$ . Similarly, angular acceleration is $\alpha = d\omega/dt = d^2\theta/dt^2$ .

\omega = \frac{d\theta}{dt}, \quad \alpha = \frac{d\omega}{dt} = \frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}

For constant angular acceleration $\alpha$ , the equations of rotational motion are:

\omega = \omega_0 + \alpha t

\theta = \theta_0 + \omega_0 t + \frac{1}{2}\alpha t^2

\omega^2 = \omega_0^2 + 2\alpha(\theta - \theta_0)

These are direct analogues of the linear equations $v = u + at$ , $s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2$ , and $v^2 = u^2 + 2as$ , with $\theta$ replacing $x$ , $\omega$ replacing $v$ , and $\alpha$ replacing $a$ . …

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Kinematics of Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis