Q.How would you distinguish between net sown area and gross cropped area?
Concept understanding — Land Use Classification
Land Use Classification – From Intuition to Precision
Imagine you are looking down at a city from a tall building, or better yet, from a satellite image. What do you see? Patches of green parks, grey roads, clusters of houses, a blue lake, a factory with a tall chimney, a school with a playground, and fields of yellow wheat on the outskirts.
If you had to sort every single piece of land into a few buckets based on what is happening there, you would be doing land use classification. It is simply the human system of labelling land according to its primary purpose or function.
The Core Intuition
Land is a finite resource. We cannot make more of it. So, every society must decide: should this patch of earth grow food, house families, host a factory, or remain a forest? The way we answer that question is what we call land use.
The key idea is purpose. A forest that is left untouched for wildlife has a different land use from a forest that is systematically cut down for timber, even though both look green from above. The first is "conservation" or "forest cover"; the second is "commercial forestry" or "resource extraction". The physical cover (trees) is the same, but the use is different.
Do not confuse land use with land cover. Land cover is what physically covers the surface (water, grass, concrete, snow). Land use is why that land is being used that way. A grassy field could be a cricket ground (recreational use) or a grazing pasture (agricultural use) — same cover, different use.
The Precise Statement
Land Use Classification is the systematic categorisation of land into different classes based on its dominant socio-economic purpose. It is a tool used by geographers, planners, and governments to understand how human beings are utilising the available land, to track changes over time, and to plan for the future.
In India, the most widely used classification (by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Land Revenue Records) divides land into the following major categories:
| Category | What it includes | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Forests | Land under actual forest cover, not orchards or scattered trees. | Ecological balance, biodiversity, climate regulation. |
| Land Not Available for Cultivation | Barren & unculturable land (deserts, rocky mountains) + Land used for non-agricultural purposes (buildings, roads, railways, canals). | Shows the land permanently lost to farming. |
| Other Uncultivated Land (Excluding Fallow) | Permanent pastures, grazing lands, miscellaneous tree crops (not in forests), and culturable wasteland (land that could be farmed but is not currently). | Represents a reserve that can potentially be brought under the plough. |
| Fallow Lands | Land left uncultivated for one or more seasons. Current fallow (<1 year) vs. other fallow (1–5 years). | Indicates agricultural cycles and soil fertility management. |
| Net Sown Area | Land actually used for growing crops. | The most critical category for food production. It is the heart of agricultural statistics. |
Reporting Area = Forests + Land Not Available for Cultivation + Other Uncultivated Land + Fallow Lands + Net Sown Area
Why This Matters for an Exam
You will often be asked to:
- Define land use classification.
- Distinguish between land use and land cover.
- List the categories of land use in India and explain what each means.
- Analyse trends — for example, why is the Net Sown Area decreasing? (Answer: urbanisation, industrialisation, degradation of land).
The single most important takeaway: Land use is about human purpose, not just physical appearance. When you see a piece of land, ask yourself: What is this land doing for the people who use it? That question is the foundation of the entire concept.
The distinction lies in counting versus repetition. Net sown area is the total physical land on which crops are grown at least once in a given year. It counts the actual land surface, not how many times it is used. Gross cropped area, on the other hand, adds up the total area sown under all crops in a year, counting the same piece of land multiple times if it is cultivated more than once in that year.
- Net sown area: physical extent of land under cultivation (counted once).
- Gross cropped area: sum of all crop sowings on that land (counts each sowing separately).
For example, if a farmer has 2 hectares of land and grows two crops on the same 2 hectares in one year, the net sown area is 2 hectares, but the gross cropped area is 4 hectares. The ratio of gross cropped area to net sown area is called the cropping intensity — it tells you how intensively the land is being used.
Net sown area is the physical land cultivated at least once in a year, while gross cropped area is the total of all sowings on that land, counting multiple crops on the same field separately.
Net sown area counts the physical land actually planted in a given year, while gross cropped area counts the total crop harvests from that same land, including multiple crops grown on the same field in one year.
To understand the difference, you first need to see how land use is classified in Indian agriculture. The total geographical area of a country is divided into several categories: forests, land not available for cultivation, fallow lands, and the area actually under crops. The two terms you are asking about sit inside this last category, but they measure very different things.
Net sown area is the simplest measure: it is the physical extent of land on which crops are actually sown during the agricultural year. If a farmer has a five-hectare field and plants wheat on all of it, that five hectares is part of the net sown area. This figure tells you how much of the country’s land is actively used for farming in a given year. It excludes land that is fallow, built-up, or forested. In India, the net sown area has remained fairly stable over decades — around 140 million hectares — because the total arable land is finite.
Gross cropped area, on the other hand, counts every crop harvest from that same land. If the same five-hectare field grows wheat in the rabi season and then rice in the kharif season, the gross cropped area becomes ten hectares — five for wheat plus five for rice. If the farmer also grows a short-duration pulse in the summer gap, that adds another five hectares. So gross cropped area is always equal to or larger than net sown area. The ratio between the two — gross cropped area divided by net sown area — is called the cropping intensity. A cropping intensity of 1.4, for instance, means that on average each hectare of net sown area is cropped 1.4 times in a year.
Cropping intensity is a key indicator of agricultural efficiency. Higher intensity means more output from the same land, but it also demands more irrigation, fertiliser, and labour.
The distinction matters for policy and planning. Net sown area tells you how much land is available for farming — a resource that cannot be expanded easily. Gross cropped area tells you how intensively that land is being used. If a region shows rising gross cropped area but stagnant net sown area, it means farmers are growing multiple crops on the same fields, often through irrigation. If both are falling, it signals that farmland is being converted to non-agricultural uses or left fallow.
Net sown area is a measure of land extent; gross cropped area is a measure of land use intensity. They are not interchangeable — one is about how much land, the other about how many crops.
A common confusion arises when students think gross cropped area means the total area of all farms added together. It does not — it is the sum of all crop areas, counting the same physical land multiple times if multiple crops are grown. That is why gross cropped area can exceed the total geographical area of a country in theory, though in practice it rarely does because not all land is arable.
In short, net sown area is the physical land actually planted in a year, while gross cropped area is the total area harvested from that land, counting each crop separately — so gross cropped area is always greater than or equal to net sown area, and the gap between them reflects how intensively the land is farmed.
- CBSE 2026Set 64/3/11 markMCQQ.Which one of the following has classified 'wastelands' in India ? (A) Indian Space Research Organisation (B) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (C) Regional Remote Sensing Centres (D) National Remote Sensing Centre
›Reveal solutionSolution
The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is the organisation that has classified wastelands in India.
Land use classification is a vital exercise for a country like India, where agriculture, forestry, and urban expansion compete for every hectare. Among the many categories of land, "wastelands" hold special significance — these are degraded or underutilised lands that could potentially be brought under cultivation, afforestation, or other productive use. But who actually maps and classifies these wastelands?
The answer lies with the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), headquartered in Hyderabad. NRSC is the primary government agency responsible for remote sensing data acquisition, processing, and dissemination in India. It operates under the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), but its specific mandate includes large-scale land use and land cover mapping.
NoteWhile ISRO is the parent organisation, the actual classification of wastelands is a project-level task executed by NRSC, not by ISRO headquarters itself.
NRSC has carried out multiple cycles of wasteland mapping using satellite imagery, most notably through the Wastelands Atlas of India. This atlas, prepared in collaboration with the Department of Land Resources, classifies wastelands into categories such as gullied land, scrubland, waterlogged areas, salt-affected land, and shifting cultivation areas. The classification is done at a very fine scale — often at 1:50,000 or even 1:10,000 — using high-resolution data from satellites like Resourcesat and Cartosat.
The other options in the question are also ISRO-affiliated, but their roles differ. The Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) in Dehradun is primarily a training and education centre. Regional Remote Sensing Centres (RRSCs) provide support for specific regions but do not lead the national-level wasteland classification. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) itself oversees the space programme but does not directly produce land-use maps.
ImportantThe Wastelands Atlas of India is a flagship product of NRSC, and it is this atlas that provides the official, government-recognised classification of wastelands across the country.
So when the question asks which organisation has classified wastelands in India, the precise answer is the National Remote Sensing Centre, because it is the executing body that processes satellite data, applies classification algorithms, and publishes the results.
✓Final answerIn short, the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) has classified wastelands in India through its Wastelands Atlas project, making option (D) the correct answer.
- CBSE 2025Set 64/1/11 markMCQQ."Some wastelands are rendered unfit for agriculture by human activities." Choose the correct option related to the statement : i. Shifting cultivation area ii. Coastal plains iii. Degraded pastures iv. Bhabar areas Options : (A) Only ii (B) Both ii and iv (C) Only iii (D) Both i and iii
›Reveal solutionSolution
Wastelands rendered unfit for agriculture by human activities include areas degraded by unsustainable shifting cultivation and overgrazed pastures.
Land use classification helps us understand how different parts of the land are utilised and categorised. Within this framework, "wastelands" refer to land that is currently unproductive or unsuitable for cultivation. These wastelands can arise from natural causes or, significantly, from human activities that degrade the land over time. The statement highlights the latter: wastelands that become unfit for agriculture specifically due to human actions.
Let's examine the given options in this context:
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i. Shifting cultivation area: Shifting cultivation, also known as 'jhum' cultivation in some parts of India, is an agricultural practice where a patch of forest land is cleared, cultivated for a few years until its fertility declines, and then abandoned for a new patch. While it can be sustainable if practiced with long fallow periods, intensive or rapid shifting cultivation without sufficient time for natural regeneration leads to severe deforestation, soil erosion, loss of topsoil, and nutrient depletion. These human-induced changes render the land degraded and unfit for sustained agriculture.
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ii. Coastal plains: Coastal plains are naturally formed geographical features, typically fertile and often extensively used for agriculture due to their flat terrain and proximity to water. While human activities like industrial pollution, excessive groundwater extraction leading to salinisation, or construction can degrade specific parts of coastal plains, the term "coastal plains" itself does not inherently imply land rendered unfit for agriculture by human activities. Many coastal plains remain highly productive agricultural zones.
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iii. Degraded pastures: Pastures are lands used for grazing livestock. When these pastures are subjected to overgrazing – a direct human activity involving the management of livestock – the vegetation cover is excessively removed. This leads to soil compaction, reduced water infiltration, increased soil erosion, and a decline in soil fertility. Such land becomes "degraded" and loses its capacity to support healthy vegetation, making it unfit for productive agriculture or even sustainable grazing.
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iv. Bhabar areas: The Bhabar belt is a narrow, porous, gravelly tract in the foothills of the Himalayas where streams disappear underground. Its unsuitability for agriculture is primarily due to its natural geological characteristics – coarse sediments, lack of surface water, and poor water retention capacity. While human settlements and activities occur in Bhabar, its fundamental nature as an area less suitable for agriculture is largely natural, not primarily a result of human-induced degradation.
ImportantThe key distinction here is between land that is naturally unsuitable for agriculture and land that becomes unsuitable due to human actions.
Therefore, areas affected by unsustainable shifting cultivation and degraded pastures are clear examples of wastelands rendered unfit for agriculture by human activities.
✓Final answerBoth shifting cultivation areas (when degraded) and degraded pastures are examples of land rendered unfit for agriculture due to human activities, making option (D) the correct choice.
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- CBSE 2025Set 64/4/11 markMCQQ.Which one of the following is incorrectly matched ? List-I (Term) – List-II (Meaning) (A) Physiological density – Total population/Net cultivated area (B) Agricultural density – Total agricultural population/Net cultivable area (C) Population density – Total population/Total area (D) Marginal worker – Total population/Total working population
›Reveal solutionSolution
Option (D) is incorrectly matched: a marginal worker is not defined as a ratio of total population to working population, but rather as someone who works for less than six months (183 days) in a year.
Land use classification and demographic terminology form the backbone of understanding how populations interact with territory. When we study population geography, we rely on precise definitions to measure pressure on land, agricultural capacity, and workforce characteristics. Each term captures a different dimension of the human-land relationship.
Physiological density measures how many people depend on each unit of cultivated land. It divides total population by net cultivated area, giving us a realistic picture of agricultural pressure. A country might have low overall population density but high physiological density if only a small fraction of its land is arable—this tells us far more about food security and farming intensity than crude population density ever could.
Agricultural density narrows the focus further. It takes only the agricultural population—those actually engaged in farming—and divides by net cultivable area. This ratio reveals how many farmers are working each hectare, which speaks directly to farm size, mechanization levels, and rural livelihoods. High agricultural density often signals fragmented landholdings and labor-intensive farming.
Population density is the simplest and most familiar measure: total population divided by total area. It treats all land equally, whether desert, mountain, or fertile plain, and serves as a baseline comparison across regions and countries.
ImportantA marginal worker is a census category defined by duration of employment, not a mathematical ratio. According to Indian census definitions, a marginal worker is someone who worked for less than six months (fewer than 183 days) during the reference year. This stands in contrast to a main worker, who worked for six months or more.
Option (D) presents "Marginal worker" as "Total population/Total working population," which is nonsensical on two counts. First, marginal worker is a qualitative employment category, not a density ratio. Second, the proposed formula would yield a number greater than one (since total population exceeds working population), which could never describe a subset of workers. The definition confuses a census classification with a demographic ratio.
✓Final answerIn short, option (D) is incorrectly matched. A marginal worker is defined by working fewer than 183 days per year, not as a ratio of populations. Options (A), (B), and (C) correctly pair density terms with their standard formulas.
- CBSE 2024Set 64/2/11 markMCQQ.Study the following diagram carefully and answer the question. [Diagram - 'Changes in Shares of Land-use Categories in India : 1950-51 and 2014-15', Per cent of reporting area (values shown as 1950-51 & 2014-15): Forests 17 & 23.3; Area under non-agricultural use 3.2 & 8.7; Barren and unculturable waste land 13.4 & 5.5; Permanent pasture and grazing land 2.3 & 3.3; Area under Misc. Tree crops and groves 6.9 & 1.0; Culturable Waste Land 8 & 4; Fallow other than Current fallow 6.1 & 3.6; Current fallow 3.7 & 4.9; Net Area sown 41.7 & 45.5] In comparison to 1950 - 51, which of the following categories has decreased the most in 2014 - 15 ? (A) Forests (B) Permanent pasture and grazing land (C) Barren and unculturable wasteland (D) Culturable wasteland
›Reveal solutionSolution
Among the given options, Barren and unculturable wasteland has decreased the most between 1950-51 and 2014-15, falling by 7.9 percentage points.
Understanding Land Use Classification in India
India's land use pattern reflects the evolving priorities of a developing nation—balancing agricultural expansion, urbanization, industrial growth, and environmental conservation. The government tracks these changes through a standardized classification system that divides the country's reporting area into nine distinct categories. Each category tells a story: forests speak to conservation efforts, net area sown reflects agricultural intensity, while categories like barren wasteland or culturable waste reveal land that is either unusable or awaiting development.
The period from 1950-51 to 2014-15 spans India's entire post-independence development journey. At independence, the country was overwhelmingly agrarian, with vast tracts of land lying unused or underutilized. Over the next six decades, population pressure, the Green Revolution, urbanization, and policy interventions reshaped how every hectare was used.
Analyzing the Changes
To identify which category decreased the most, we need to calculate the absolute change for each option:
Forests: Rose from 17% to 23.3%, an increase of 6.3 percentage points. This reflects afforestation programs and stricter forest protection laws, so this option is eliminated.
Permanent pasture and grazing land: Increased marginally from 2.3% to 3.3%, a gain of 1.0 percentage point. The slight rise suggests some recognition of the need for livestock support, though the overall share remains small. Not a decrease at all.
Barren and unculturable wasteland: Dropped sharply from 13.4% to 5.5%, a decrease of 7.9 percentage points. This is the most dramatic fall among all categories. It indicates that land once considered permanently unproductive has either been reclaimed for agriculture, converted to other uses, or reclassified as development spread into marginal areas.
Culturable wasteland: Fell from 8% to 4%, a decrease of 4.0 percentage points. While significant, this decline is smaller than that of barren wasteland. Culturable waste—land that could be farmed but isn't—naturally became a target for agricultural expansion as population and food demand grew.
NoteThe distinction between "barren and unculturable" versus "culturable waste" is crucial. The former was deemed permanently unfit for cultivation (rocky terrain, desert, steep slopes), while the latter was simply unused but potentially farmable. The larger drop in barren land suggests either successful land reclamation or reclassification as surveying improved.
The data reveals a clear pattern: India brought more land under productive use. Net area sown increased from 41.7% to 45.5%, absorbing much of the land freed up from waste categories. Simultaneously, urbanization and infrastructure development (reflected in "non-agricultural use" jumping from 3.2% to 8.7%) claimed their share. The barren wasteland category bore the brunt of this transformation, shrinking by nearly 8 percentage points—more than any other category listed in the options.
✓Final answerIn comparison to 1950-51, Barren and unculturable wasteland (Option C) has decreased the most in 2014-15, falling by 7.9 percentage points from 13.4% to 5.5% of the reporting area.
- CBSE 2024Set 64/2/11 markMCQQ.Study the following diagram carefully and answer the question. [Diagram - 'Changes in Shares of Land-use Categories in India : 1950-51 and 2014-15', Per cent of reporting area (values shown as 1950-51 & 2014-15): Forests 17 & 23.3; Area under non-agricultural use 3.2 & 8.7; Barren and unculturable waste land 13.4 & 5.5; Permanent pasture and grazing land 2.3 & 3.3; Area under Misc. Tree crops and groves 6.9 & 1.0; Culturable Waste Land 8 & 4; Fallow other than Current fallow 6.1 & 3.6; Current fallow 3.7 & 4.9; Net Area sown 41.7 & 45.5] In comparison to 1950 - 51, which one of the following categories has the highest difference of increase in 2014 - 15 ? (A) Barren and unculturable wasteland (B) Net area sown (C) Area under non-agricultural uses (D) Current fallow
›Reveal solutionSolution
The category with the highest absolute increase in its share of reporting area between 1950-51 and 2014-15 is Area under non-agricultural uses.
To answer this, you first need to understand what the diagram is showing. It gives the percentage of India’s total reporting area occupied by each land-use category at two points in time: 1950-51 and 2014-15. The question asks for the category with the highest difference of increase — meaning the largest positive change in percentage points from the earlier year to the later year.
Let’s look at each of the four options one by one.
Barren and unculturable wasteland actually decreased sharply, from 13.4% to 5.5%. That is a drop of about 7.9 percentage points — a decrease, not an increase. So this option is out.
Net area sown went from 41.7% to 45.5%. That is an increase of 3.8 percentage points. A solid rise, reflecting the expansion of cultivated land in the early decades after independence.
Area under non-agricultural uses jumped from 3.2% to 8.7%. That is an increase of 5.5 percentage points. This category includes land used for settlements, roads, factories, railways, and other infrastructure — all of which grew rapidly with urbanisation and industrialisation.
Current fallow rose from 3.7% to 4.9%, an increase of 1.2 percentage points. That is a modest change.
NoteThe question asks for the highest difference of increase, not the highest percentage change relative to the starting value. We are comparing absolute percentage-point differences, not relative growth rates.
Comparing the increases: Net area sown (+3.8), Area under non-agricultural uses (+5.5), Current fallow (+1.2). The clear winner is Area under non-agricultural uses, with a jump of 5.5 percentage points.
ImportantA common mistake is to pick Net area sown because its absolute share is large. But the question is about the difference — the change in share — not the final share itself. The non-agricultural category, though starting from a small base, more than doubled its share.
✓Final answerIn short, the category with the highest increase in share of reporting area between 1950-51 and 2014-15 is Area under non-agricultural uses (option C), which rose by 5.5 percentage points.
- CBSE 2024Set 64/2/11 markMCQQ.Study the following diagram carefully and answer the question. [Diagram - 'Changes in Shares of Land-use Categories in India : 1950-51 and 2014-15', Per cent of reporting area (values shown as 1950-51 & 2014-15): Forests 17 & 23.3; Area under non-agricultural use 3.2 & 8.7; Barren and unculturable waste land 13.4 & 5.5; Permanent pasture and grazing land 2.3 & 3.3; Area under Misc. Tree crops and groves 6.9 & 1.0; Culturable Waste Land 8 & 4; Fallow other than Current fallow 6.1 & 3.6; Current fallow 3.7 & 4.9; Net Area sown 41.7 & 45.5] Which one of the following is the correct difference in 'Net Area Sown' between 1950 - 51 and 2014 - 15 ? (A) 3·6% (of reporting area) (B) 3·7% (of reporting area) (C) 3·8% (of reporting area) (D) 3·9% (of reporting area)
›Reveal solutionSolution
The Net Area Sown in India increased by 3.8% of the reporting area between 1950-51 and 2014-15.
Understanding how land is used is crucial for a nation's planning and development. Land use classification categorises the total geographical area of a country based on its primary function, such as agriculture, forests, pastures, or non-agricultural uses. This classification helps in assessing resource availability, identifying trends in land utilisation, and formulating policies for sustainable development. The data provided illustrates significant shifts in these categories over several decades in India, reflecting changes in economic priorities, population growth, and environmental awareness.
One of the most important categories in land use classification, especially for an agrarian economy like India, is the 'Net Area Sown'. This refers to the total area of land on which crops are grown and harvested. It essentially represents the actual agricultural land available for cultivation in a given year. An increase in the Net Area Sown often indicates an expansion of agricultural activity, which can be driven by factors like increased food demand, technological advancements in farming, or conversion of other land types into agricultural fields. Conversely, a decrease might suggest urbanisation, industrialisation, or land degradation.
To determine the change in 'Net Area Sown' between the two periods, we simply need to find the difference between its percentage share in 2014-15 and 1950-51.
ImportantThe 'Net Area Sown' represents the actual land used for cultivating crops in a given year.
From the provided data:
- Net Area Sown in 1950-51 was 41.7% of the reporting area.
- Net Area Sown in 2014-15 was 45.5% of the reporting area.
To find the difference, we subtract the earlier value from the later value:
Difference = 45.5%−41.7%
Difference = 3.8%
This calculation shows that the Net Area Sown increased by 3.8% of the reporting area over this period. This indicates a modest expansion in the land dedicated to crop cultivation, even as other land uses also evolved.
✓Final answerThe correct difference in 'Net Area Sown' between 1950-51 and 2014-15 is 3.8% (of reporting area).
- CBSE 2023Set 64/2/11 markMCQQ.Study the following source and answer the Question No. 15 to 17. A Case Study Jhabua district is located in the westernmost agro-climatic zone in Madhya Pradesh. It is, in fact, one of the five most backward districts of the country. It is characterized by high concentration of tribal population (mostly Bhils). The people suffer due to poverty which has been accentuated by the high rate of resource degradation, both forest and land. The watershed management programmes funded by both the ministries of “Rural Development” and “Agriculture”, Government of India, have been successfully implemented in Jhabua district which has gone a long way in preventing land degradation and improving soil quality. Watershed Management Programmes acknowledge the linkage between land, water and vegetation and attempts to improve livelihoods of people through natural resource management and community participation. In the past five years, the programmes funded by the Ministry of Rural Development alone (implemented by Rajiv Gandhi Mission for Watershed Management) has treated 20 percent of the total area under Jhabua district. Which statement is NOT correct regarding Jhabua ? (A) Jhabua is tribal concentrated district. (B) Poverty has increased in the people due to land degradation. (C) State government has provided money to implement watershed management programme. (D) Watershed management programme has outstanding contribution in land treatment.
›Reveal solutionSolution
This question requires identifying the statement that is not supported by the provided case study about Jhabua district. The case study indicates that watershed management programmes were funded by the Government of India, not the state government, making option (C) the incorrect statement.
The core idea behind this question is reading comprehension. You need to carefully read the provided text and then evaluate each given statement against the information presented in the text. The goal is to find the statement that either directly contradicts the text or cannot be inferred from it. This requires precise attention to detail and understanding the exact wording used in both the source and the options.
Here's a step-by-step analysis of each statement:
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Analyze Statement (A): "Jhabua is tribal concentrated district."
- The case study states: "It is characterized by high concentration of tribal population (mostly Bhils)."
- This directly supports statement (A). Therefore, statement (A) is correct.
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Analyze Statement (B): "Poverty has increased in the people due to land degradation."
- The case study states: "The people suffer due to poverty which has been accentuated by the high rate of resource degradation, both forest and land."
- The word "accentuated" means made more noticeable or intense. This implies that resource degradation (including land degradation) has worsened or increased the existing poverty. This directly supports statement (B). Therefore, statement (B) is correct.
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Analyze Statement (C): "State government has provided money to implement watershed management programme."
- The case study states: "The watershed management programmes funded by both the ministries of 'Rural Development' and 'Agriculture', Government of India..."
- This clearly indicates that the funding came from the Government of India (which refers to the Central Government), not the State Government. This statement contradicts the information given in the source. Therefore, statement (C) is not correct.
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Analyze Statement (D): "Watershed management programme has outstanding contribution in land treatment."
- The case study states: "...which has gone a long way in preventing land degradation and improving soil quality."
- The phrase "gone a long way" signifies a significant and positive impact, which can be reasonably interpreted as an outstanding contribution in land treatment. This supports statement (D). Therefore, statement (D) is correct.
Since the question asks for the statement that is NOT correct, based on our analysis, statement (C) is the answer.
✓Final answerThe statement that is NOT correct regarding Jhabua is that the (C) State government has provided money to implement watershed management programme.
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