Q.Identify the five geographical features shown on the given political outline map of the world as A, B, C, D and E. Write their correct names on the lines drawn near them with the help of the following information : (A) An industrial region (B) A major seaport (C) The terminal station of a transcontinental railway (D) An international airport (E) A mega city [For Visually Impaired Candidates only, in lieu of Q. No. 21: (21.1) Name any one industrial region of U.S.A. (21.2) Name any one major seaport of Chile. (21.3) Name the eastern terminal station of Australian transcontinental railway. (21.4) Name any one international airport of France. (21.5) Name the mega city of Philippines.]

Industrial Location: Where Factories Choose to Live

Think about the last time you bought something — a phone, a notebook, a packet of biscuits. That product didn't just appear in the shop. It was made somewhere, by some company, in a factory that someone decided to build in a particular place. Why that place and not another? That decision — where to set up an industry — is what we call industrial location.

The Core Idea

Industrial location is simply the choice of a site for setting up a factory or an industry. It's not random. Business owners don't throw a dart at a map. They choose a location because it gives them some advantage — lower costs, easier access to raw materials, or better connections to markets.

Why Does Location Matter So Much?

A factory is a long-term investment. Once you build a steel plant or a textile mill, you can't easily pick it up and move it. A wrong location can mean higher costs forever — more money spent on transporting raw materials, higher wages because workers are far away, or difficulty selling your product because the market is too distant.

A right location, on the other hand, gives a business a natural edge over competitors. This is why some cities become known for certain industries — Surat for diamonds, Mumbai for textiles, Bengaluru for IT. The location itself becomes part of the industry's success.

What Influences the Choice? (The Factors)

The NCERT textbook lists several factors that influence where an industry locates. Think of these as the "checklist" a business owner runs through before deciding.

• Raw material — If the raw material is bulky, heavy, or perishable, the factory will locate near the source. A sugar mill, for example, is almost always near sugarcane fields because sugarcane is heavy and loses weight during processing.

• Power — Industries need energy. Early textile mills in India located near coal fields or hydroelectric power sources. Today, reliable electricity is a basic requirement everywhere, but some industries (like aluminium smelting) need enormous amounts of power and will locate near power plants.

• Labour — Industries need workers. Some need skilled labour (like IT or precision engineering), others need large numbers of unskilled workers (like construction materials). The availability and cost of labour matter.

• Market — The place where the product is sold. If the product is fragile, perishable, or bulky, the factory will locate near the market. Bakeries are near residential areas; furniture factories are often near cities.

• Transport — Good roads, railways, ports, or airports. Raw materials come in, finished goods go out. A location with poor transport links is like a house with no doors.

• Government policies — Tax breaks, subsidies, or special economic zones can attract industries to particular regions. Many states in India offer incentives to set up factories in backward areas.

• Land and climate — Flat land is easier to build on. Some industries need specific climatic conditions (like cotton textiles needing humidity).

• Capital — Access to banks, investors, and financial services. Big cities usually have better access to capital.

• Agglomeration — This is a fancy word for "clustering." When many industries set up in one place, they share services, infrastructure, and labour. This attracts even more industries. Think of how auto parts manufacturers cluster around car factories.

A Simple Way to Think About It

Imagine you want to start a business making clay pots. You need: …