Q.Which of the following is not a literature of Buddhism ? (A) Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka (B) Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa (C) Jataka Stories and Ashokavadana (D) Uttaradhyayana Sutra and Tattvartha Sutra

Sanchi, located in Madhya Pradesh, stands as one of the most remarkably preserved ancient Buddhist sites in India. Unlike many other stupas that fell into ruin or were dismantled over centuries, Sanchi's survival into the modern era is largely attributed to the foresight and dedicated patronage of the powerful female rulers of Bhopal during the 19th and early 20th centuries. These Begums were not only astute administrators but also significant patrons of art, architecture, and heritage.

The lineage of the Begums of Bhopal, including Qudsia Begum, Sikandar Begum, Shahjehan Begum, and Sultan Jehan Begum, is notable for their progressive rule and autonomy during a period when many other princely states were under significant British influence. They initiated various reforms, built infrastructure, and fostered education, demonstrating a profound commitment to the welfare and development of their state. Their interest extended significantly to the preservation of historical sites within their territory, with Sanchi being a prime example of their cultural stewardship.

The patronage of these Begums was critical in preventing the dismantling of Sanchi's magnificent gateways. During the 19th century, both French and English authorities expressed a keen desire to take away the eastern gateway of the Sanchi stupa as a souvenir for museums in Europe. However, the Begums successfully resisted these demands. Instead of allowing the removal of the original structures, they offered to fund the creation of carefully prepared plaster casts of the gateways for the European museums, ensuring that the original stupa and its intricate carvings remained in situ.

Their contributions went beyond mere resistance to colonial appropriation:

• Financial Support: Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum provided crucial financial resources for the upkeep and preservation of the Sanchi site. …

The question asks us to identify a remarkable woman ruler from the princely state of Bhopal who combined political authority with a deep commitment to heritage conservation. Bhopal was unique in nineteenth-century India for being governed by a succession of capable Begums (Muslim women rulers) who wielded real power, not merely ceremonial titles.

The Begums of Bhopal

Bhopal's history in the colonial period is distinguished by four successive women rulers who governed the state with considerable autonomy under British paramountcy. These Begums were not figureheads; they administered their state, negotiated with the British, undertook public works, and left lasting legacies in architecture, education, and cultural preservation.

The ruler in question governed from 1868 to 1901 CE — a reign of thirty-three years that spanned the late Victorian era. This period saw significant archaeological discoveries in India, including the rediscovery and documentation of Buddhist sites that had fallen into ruin.

Shahjehan Begum and Sanchi

Shahjehan Begum (ruled 1868–1901) was the third in the line of Bhopal's women rulers. She succeeded her mother Sultan Jehan Begum and governed during a transformative period when British archaeologists and Indian rulers began to recognize the importance of preserving ancient monuments.

The Sanchi Stupa, located in Madhya Pradesh not far from Bhopal, is one of India's oldest stone structures and a masterpiece of early Buddhist architecture. By the mid-nineteenth century, the site had suffered centuries of neglect and vandalism. When British officers and archaeologists began surveying and documenting Sanchi in the 1880s, the monuments were in urgent need of conservation. …

Concept and Intuition

The Sanchi Stupa is one of the most important surviving examples of early Buddhist architecture. Its structure is deeply symbolic, representing the Buddhist cosmos. The key parts, from bottom to top, are:

• Anda (the hemispherical dome) — represents the dome of heaven.
• Harmika — a square railing or platform on top of the dome, symbolising the sacred mountain Meru or the abode of the gods.
• Yashti — the central pillar or mast rising from the Harmika, representing the axis mundi (the world axis).
• Chhatri — the umbrella-like structure at the very top, a symbol of royalty and protection.

In the typical diagram of a stupa, the feature labelled 'A' is the square railing just above the dome — that is the Harmika.

Step-by-Step Reasoning

1. Identify the parts of a stupa.

   The Sanchi Stupa has a hemispherical dome (Anda), a square railing on top (Harmika), a central mast (Yashti), and a triple umbrella (Chhatri) at the very top. The base has a circumambulatory path and a railing.

2. Locate feature 'A' in the diagram. …

The question tests your ability to distinguish Buddhist canonical and historical texts from those of other Indian religious traditions, particularly Jainism. Both Buddhism and Jainism emerged around the same period (6th century BCE) and developed extensive literary corpuses, so knowing which texts belong to which tradition is essential for Indian history and culture exams.

Let me walk through each option to identify the outlier:

1. Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka are two of the three "baskets" (Pitakas) that form the Tripitaka, the earliest Buddhist canon written in Pali. The Vinaya Pitaka contains monastic rules and discipline for the Sangha, while the Sutta Pitaka preserves the Buddha's discourses and teachings. These are foundational Buddhist texts.

2. Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa are Buddhist chronicles written in Pali verse in Sri Lanka. The Dipavamsa ("Chronicle of the Island," 4th century CE) and the more detailed Mahavamsa ("Great Chronicle," 5th–6th century CE) trace the history of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, including the arrival of Mahinda (Ashoka's son) and the establishment of the Sangha. Both are unmistakably Buddhist historical literature.

3. Jataka Stories and Ashokavadana are also Buddhist. The Jatakas are a collection of around 550 stories recounting the previous births of the Buddha, illustrating moral lessons and the perfection of virtues. The Ashokavadana is a Sanskrit Buddhist text narrating legends about Emperor Ashoka, his conversion to Buddhism, and his patronage of the faith. Both belong firmly to the Buddhist tradition. …

Part (a)

The eastern gateway (torana) of Sanchi was one of the most beautifully carved and best-preserved examples of early Buddhist sculpture. In the colonial era, when European powers eagerly collected antiquities for their museums, the French wished to dismantle this gateway and take it to a museum in France as a prize of ancient Indian art. The rulers of Bhopal, however, prevented its removal and arranged for plaster-cast replicas to be made instead, so the original remained at Sanchi. …

The core idea here is to use the alternative question provided for visually impaired candidates as a direct and indispensable hint. This alternative question is designed to convey the essential information of the visual question in a textual format. By answering the alternative question, we can deduce the subject matter of the original question and thus identify the "structure" in question.

1. Analyze the alternative question: The question for visually impaired candidates asks, "Name the most important 'deity' of the Mathura region." This is a direct factual recall question about the religious significance of Mathura.

2. Identify the deity: Mathura is universally recognized as the birthplace of Lord Krishna. Consequently, Lord Krishna is considered the most important deity associated with the Mathura region. …

The fates of the Sanchi Stupa and the Amaravati Stupa offer a compelling contrast in the history of archaeological preservation in India. While both were magnificent Buddhist monuments, Sanchi stands largely intact today, a testament to early conservation efforts, whereas Amaravati was systematically dismantled, its sculptures scattered across museums. Understanding this divergence requires looking at the specific circumstances surrounding their discovery and the prevailing attitudes towards heritage at the time.

Sanchi, located in Madhya Pradesh, owes its remarkable preservation to the enlightened patronage of the rulers of Bhopal in the 19th century, particularly Shah Jahan Begum and her successor Sultan Jahan Begum. These Begums displayed extraordinary wisdom and foresight. When European scholars and officials, including the French and the British, sought to take away the exquisitely carved gateways (toranas) of Sanchi to display in museums in Paris and London, the Begums firmly resisted. They understood the intrinsic value of the stupa as a complete monument and insisted that the gateways remain at their original location.

Instead of allowing the removal of the originals, the Begums offered to fund the creation of plaster cast replicas for the European museums. This was a crucial decision that ensured the integrity of the site. Furthermore, Sultan Jahan Begum provided money for the preservation of the ancient site itself, including the construction of a museum and a guesthouse. Her efforts were instrumental in maintaining Sanchi as a living monument, allowing it to be studied and appreciated in its original context.

In stark contrast, the Amaravati Stupa, situated in Andhra Pradesh, met a very different end. Discovered by Colin Mackenzie in 1796, the site was initially documented, but its subsequent history is one of systematic removal and destruction. Mackenzie himself took several sculptures to Madras. Later, in the mid-19th century, Walter Elliot, a commissioner of Guntur, removed more sculptures and architectural fragments, sending them to Madras and London. Other officials and even local people also took pieces from the site, often without proper documentation or care.

The problem at Amaravati was a lack of understanding regarding the importance of preserving the entire site. The focus was on individual sculptures, seen as valuable art pieces, rather than the monument as a whole. There was no concerted effort to protect the stupa in situ. Consequently, the Amaravati site was largely plundered, its magnificent carvings dispersed, and the original structure reduced to a mere mound of rubble. Today, the sculptures from Amaravati are scattered across various museums, including the Government Museum in Chennai and the British Museum in London, making it impossible to appreciate the stupa as it once stood.

The contrasting fates of Sanchi and Amaravati served as a powerful lesson for archaeologists and colonial administrators. The destruction of Amaravati highlighted the irreparable loss that occurs when ancient sites are treated merely as quarries for individual artifacts. This experience gradually led to a shift in archaeological practice towards the principle of on-site preservation. Scholars and officials began to understand that the context of an artifact is as important as the artifact itself, and that removing pieces from a site diminishes its historical and cultural value. The successful preservation of Sanchi, partly due to the Begums' enlightened approach and partly due to this evolving understanding, became a model for future conservation efforts. …