Q.If the order of matrix A is 3×2, then the order of matrix A' will be _________.
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Matrix Transpose
The transpose is one of the simplest yet most useful operations on a matrix: you flip the matrix across its main diagonal, so that its rows become columns and its columns become rows.
The intuition
Picture writing a table of marks with students down the rows and subjects across the columns. If instead you want subjects down the rows and students across the columns, you don't recollect the data — you just turn the table on its side. That turn is the transpose.
The precise definition
If A=[aij] is a matrix of order m×n, its transpose, written A′ (or AT), is the n×m matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns:
A′=[aji],so the (i,j) entry of A′ is the (j,i) entry of A.
The entry in row i, column j of A moves to row j, column i of A′.
A worked look
A=[205314]2×3⟹A′=2510343×2.
The first row (2,5,1) of A has become the first column of A′.
Properties you must know
For matrices A,B of suitable orders and a scalar k:
- (A′)′=A — transposing twice returns the original.
- (kA)′=kA′ — a scalar comes straight through.
- (A+B)′=A′+B′ — transpose distributes over addition.
- (AB)′=B′A′ — the reversal law: the transpose of a product reverses the order of the factors. …
Part (b)Concept understanding — Symmetric And Skew Symmetric Matrices
Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices
These are two special kinds of square matrices, defined by how a matrix compares with its own transpose A′ (the matrix with rows and columns swapped). They are among the most-tested ideas in the Matrices chapter.
Symmetric matrix
A square matrix A is symmetric if it equals its transpose:
A′=A,that isaij=aji for all i,j.
Entries are mirror images across the main diagonal. For example,
A=147425753,a12=a21=4, a13=a31=7.
Skew-symmetric matrix
A square matrix A is skew-symmetric if its transpose is its negative:
A′=−A,that isaij=−aji for all i,j.
Putting i=j gives aii=−aii, so 2aii=0 — every diagonal entry of a skew-symmetric matrix is 0. For example,
B=0−3230−5−250,bij=−bji.
Both definitions demand a square matrix — the condition aij=±aji only makes sense when both entries exist.
Key facts
- For any square matrix A, the matrix A+A′ is always symmetric and A−A′ is always skew-symmetric. (Check: (A+A′)′=A′+A=A+A′.)
- If A is skew-symmetric of odd order, then detA=0. …
Part (a)
Transposing swaps rows and columns, so a 3×2 matrix becomes 2×3. …
- A′ has order 2×3.
- A is skew-symmetric iff A′=−A.
Part (a)
The transpose A′ of a matrix is formed by interchanging its rows and columns: an entry in row i, column j of A moves to row j, column i of A′. So an m×n matrix has an n×m transpose. With A of order 3×2 (m=3,n=2): …
Showing the 12 most recent of 62 on this concept.
- CBSE 2026Set 65/1/11 markMCQQ.Which of the following properties is/are true for two matrices of suitable orders?(i) (A+B)′=A′+B′(ii) (A−B)′=B′−A′(iii) (AB)′=A′B′(iv) (kAB)′=kB′A′ (k is a scalar) (A)(i) only (B) (i),(ii) and(iii) (C)(i) and(ii) (D)(i) and (iv)
›Reveal solutionSolution
The transpose of a sum is the sum of transposes, and the transpose of a product reverses the order. Only statements (i) and (iv) are correct.
The transpose operation flips a matrix over its diagonal — rows become columns and columns become rows. The key intuition is that transposition distributes over addition but reverses the order of multiplication. This reversal is not arbitrary; it comes from the fact that when you multiply two matrices and then transpose, the dimensions must still match, which forces the order swap.
Let’s check each statement carefully.
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Statement (i): (A+B)′=A′+B′
This is true. Transposition is a linear operation — adding two matrices and then transposing gives the same result as transposing each first and then adding. Element-wise, the (i,j) entry of (A+B)′ is aji+bji, which is exactly the (i,j) entry of A′+B′.
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Statement (ii): (A−B)′=B′−A′
This is false. The correct property is (A−B)′=A′−B′, because transposition distributes over subtraction just as it does over addition. The given expression has the order swapped, which is wrong. For example, take A=(1000) and B=(0100); the left side gives (10−10)′=(1−100), while the right side gives (0010)−(1000)=(−1010), which are not equal.
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Statement (iii): (AB)′=A′B′ …
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- CBSE 2026Set 65/1/11 markMCQQ.If A and B are skew symmetric matrices of same order, then which of the following matrices is also skew symmetric ? 1 (A) AB (B) AB + BA (C) (A + B) 2 (D) A – B
›Reveal solutionSolution
A skew-symmetric matrix satisfies AT=−A. For two skew-symmetric matrices A and B of the same order, the combination AB+BA is symmetric, not skew-symmetric, while A−B remains skew-symmetric. The correct option is (D).
The key to this problem lies in the definition of a skew-symmetric matrix: a square matrix M is skew-symmetric if its transpose equals its negative, i.e., MT=−M. For any two skew-symmetric matrices A and B of the same order, we have AT=−A and BT=−B.
When we combine A and B through operations like addition, multiplication, or squaring, the transpose of the result will involve the transposes of A and B in a specific way. The property (XY)T=YTXT is crucial here — it reverses the order of multiplication. So, to check if a given expression is skew-symmetric, we compute its transpose and see if it equals the negative of the original expression.
Let’s examine each option step by step.
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Option (A): AB
Compute (AB)T=BTAT=(−B)(−A)=BA.
For AB to be skew-symmetric, we would need (AB)T=−AB, i.e., BA=−AB. But this is not generally true for arbitrary skew-symmetric matrices — it would require A and B to anticommute, which is not guaranteed. So AB is not necessarily skew-symmetric.
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Option (B): AB+BA
Compute (AB+BA)T=(AB)T+(BA)T=BTAT+ATBT=(−B)(−A)+(−A)(−B)=BA+AB=AB+BA.
The transpose equals the original expression itself, meaning AB+BA is symmetric, not skew-symmetric. So this is not the answer.
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Option (C): (A+B)2
First, note that (A+B)2=A2+AB+BA+B2.
Compute its transpose: [(A+B)2]T=[(A+B)(A+B)]T=(A+B)T(A+B)T=(AT+BT)(AT+BT)=(−A−B)(−A−B)=(A+B)2.
So (A+B)2 is symmetric, not skew-symmetric. …
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- CBSE 2026Set 65/2/11 markMCQQ.If A=1−10a25bc3 is a symmetric matrix, then the value of 3a+b+c is (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 0
›Reveal solutionSolution
A symmetric matrix equals its transpose, so corresponding off-diagonal entries must match. Equating A=AT gives a=−1, b=0, c=5, hence 3a+b+c=2.
A matrix is symmetric when it mirrors itself across the main diagonal — in other words, when A=AT. This means the entry in row i, column j must equal the entry in row j, column i for all positions. The diagonal entries stay put, but every pair of off-diagonal entries must be equal.
For the given matrix, the transpose swaps rows and columns:
AT=1ab−12c053
Now we impose the symmetry condition A=AT by equating corresponding entries.
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Compare the (1,2) and (2,1) positions:
From A: the (1,2) entry is a.
From AT: the (1,2) entry is −1.
Therefore a=−1.
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Compare the (1,3) and (3,1) positions:
From A: the (1,3) entry is b.
From AT: the (1,3) entry is 0.
Therefore b=0. …
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- CBSE 2026Set 65/2/11 markMCQQ.If A=[cosxsinx−sinxcosx] and A+A′=I, then the value of x∈[0,2π] is (A) 0 (B) 4π (C) 3π (D) 2π
›Reveal solutionSolution
The key idea is that A is a rotation matrix, A′ is its transpose (which is also its inverse), and the condition A+A′=I forces the diagonal sum 2cosx=1, giving x=3π.
We are given a 2×2 matrix A that depends on an angle x. The matrix A is a classic rotation matrix: it rotates a vector in the plane by angle x counterclockwise. Its transpose A′ is simply the rotation by −x (clockwise), which is also the inverse of A.
The condition A+A′=I means that when we add the matrix and its transpose, we get the identity matrix. This is a direct equation in the entries of the matrices.
Let’s write it out step by step.
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Write A and A′ explicitly.
A=[cosxsinx−sinxcosx].
The transpose A′ swaps rows and columns:
A′=[cosx−sinxsinxcosx].
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Add them entrywise.
A+A′=[cosx+cosxsinx+(−sinx)−sinx+sinxcosx+cosx]=[2cosx002cosx].
Notice the off-diagonal terms cancel perfectly: −sinx+sinx=0 and sinx−sinx=0. So the sum is a diagonal matrix with both diagonal entries equal to 2cosx.
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Set this equal to I.
The identity matrix I=[1001].
So we require:
[2cosx002cosx]=[1001].
This gives a single equation from the diagonal entries: 2cosx=1.
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Solve for x in the given interval.
2cosx=1⟹cosx=21. …
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- CBSE 2026Set 65/3/11 markMCQQ.If A and B are skew-symmetric matrices of the same order, then AB′+BA′ is a/an: (A) symmetric matrix (B) skew-symmetric matrix (C) null matrix (D) identity matrix
›Reveal solutionSolution
We classify the given expression by finding its transpose. Using the properties of transpose and the definitions of skew-symmetric matrices, we find that the transpose of AB′+BA′ is equal to the original expression itself. Thus, AB′+BA′ is a symmetric matrix.
To determine if a matrix expression is symmetric or skew-symmetric, the fundamental approach is to calculate its transpose. The classification depends on how the transpose relates to the original matrix.
A matrix M is:
- Symmetric if MT=M. This means the matrix is equal to its own transpose.
- Skew-symmetric if MT=−M. This means the matrix is the negative of its own transpose.
We will use the following properties of matrix transpose:
- (P+Q)T=PT+QT (Transpose of a sum is the sum of transposes)
- (PQ)T=QTPT (Transpose of a product is the product of transposes in reverse order)
- (PT)T=P (Transpose of a transpose is the original matrix)
- (kP)T=kPT (Transpose of a scalar multiple is the scalar multiple of the transpose)
Let's apply these concepts to the given problem.
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Understand the given information:
We are given that A and B are skew-symmetric matrices of the same order.
By definition, this means:
AT=−A
BT=−B
(Note: A′ and B′ are common notations for AT and BT respectively.)
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Identify the expression to classify:
We need to classify the matrix X=AB′+BA′.
Using the standard notation for transpose, this is X=ABT+BAT.
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Calculate the transpose of the expression:
To classify X, we must find its transpose, XT.
XT=(ABT+BAT)T
Using the property (P+Q)T=PT+QT:
XT=(ABT)T+(BAT)T
Using the property (PQ)T=QTPT:
XT=(BT)TAT+(AT)TBT
Using the property (PT)T=P:
XT=BAT+ABT …
- CBSE 2026Set A1 markMCQQ.A=[4 2 3]⇒A′=(a) [4 2 3](b) 324(c) [3 2 4](d) 423
›Reveal solutionSolution
Transpose turns the row [4 2 3] into the column 423.
The transpose A′ (or AT) interchanges rows and columns, keeping each entry's value. A 1×3 row matrix becomes a 3×1 column matrix with the entries listed top-to-bottom in the same ord …
- CBSE 2026Set A1 markMCQQ.If A=[cosα−sinαsinαcosα] and A+A′=I then α=(a) π(b) 3π(c) 23π(d) 6π
›Reveal solutionSolution
A+A′=2cosαI; setting this equal to I gives cosα=21, so α=3π.
Here A=[cosα−sinαsinαcosα], so its transpose is A′=[cosαsinα−sinαcosα].
A+A′=[2cosα002cosα]. …
- CBSE 2026Set A1 markMCQQ.A=[31−4−1]⇒A+A′=(a) [6−3−3−2](b) [6332](c) [6−33−2](d) [6−332]
›Reveal solutionSolution
Add A and A′ term by term.
With A=[31−4−1], the transpose is A′=[3−41−1]. …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.If A=[42x−3x+2x+1] is symmetric matrix then x=(a) 3(b) 4(c) 5(d) None of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
A matrix A is symmetric when A=AT, so its (1,2) and (2,1) entries must be equal.
Given A=[42x−3x+2x+1] is symmetric.
…
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.If the order of the matrix A is 2×3 then the order of the matrix (A')' is:(a) 2×3(b) 3×2(c) 2×2(d) 3×3
›Reveal solutionSolution
The transpose of the transpose of a matrix is the matrix itself, so (A′)′=A, which has the same order as A.
For any matrix A, the property (A′)′=A always holds (taking the transpose twice returns the original matrix).
…
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.If A = [[cos α, −sin α], [sin α, cos α]], then A + A' = I if the value of α is(a) π/6(b) π/3(c) π(d) 3π/2
›Reveal solutionSolution
Adding A to its transpose cancels the sine terms and leaves a diagonal matrix of 2cosα; setting this equal to I pins down α.
A=(cosαsinα−sinαcosα), so A′=(cosα−sinαsinαcosα).
A+A′=(2cosα002cosα)
…
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.A matrix A is said to be symmetric matrix if(a) A' = A(b) A' = −A(c) det A = 0(d) det A ≠ 0
›Reveal solutionSolution
Symmetry means the matrix is unchanged by transposing — entries mirror across the leading diagonal.
A square matrix A=[aij] is called symmetric if every entry equals its mirror-image entry across the main diagonal, i.e. aij=aji for all i,j. This condition is exactly captured by
A′=A
where A′ (or AT) is the transpose of A.
…
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