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Economics · Class 12 Commerce

Ch 7Population — Class 12 Economics, concept-first.

India's population is not just a number — it is simultaneously the largest consumer of the economy's output and its single most important factor of production: labour.

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Key concepts

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Population as Asset or Burden

A country's population can act either as its greatest economic asset — supplying labour, market size and, when educated and skilled, a 'demographic dividend' — or as a burden that strains land, jobs, infrastructure and p…

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Chapter contents

The NCERT structure, section by section. Open a section to see its questions, then read the concept-first solution.

1

Population as a Factor of Production and Resource

India's population is not just a number — it is simultaneously the largest consumer of the economy's output and its single most important factor of production: labour.

2

Size, Growth and Density of India's Population

As per Census 2011 (the last completed Census; Census 2021 was postponed), India's population stood at 121.09 crore (1,210,854,977) — the second-largest in the world at the time.

3

Demographic Transition Theory

The Demographic Transition Theory explains how a country's birth rate and death rate change as it develops economically, and how population growth passes through distinct stages as a result.

4

Age Composition, Sex Ratio and Literacy

Census 2011 divides India's population into three broad age groups:

5

Population: Asset or Burden

Economists have long debated whether a large and growing population helps or hinders development. The Gujarat Std-12 Economics syllabus asks students to weigh both sides rather than accept either view…

6

Population Policy of India

India was the first country in the world to launch an official Family Welfare (Family Planning) Programme, in 1952, aiming to reduce the birth rate through voluntary family planning.

Sample & Board Papers

Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.

+Show 34 questions34 questions
  1. Q1Explain the concept of 'Drain of Brain'.Preview
  2. Q2What is meant by development based migration?Preview
  3. Q3Why is the year 1921 identified as the year of 'great divide'? OR What is meant by productive and unproductive population?Preview
  4. Q4Define the town according to the census of 2001. OR What are the ways through which electricity can be produced?Preview
  5. Q5What are the pull factors for migration?Preview
  6. Q6Discuss the methods to control population.Preview
  7. Q7Explain the negative effects of migration. OR Explain the positive effects of urbanisation.Preview
  8. Q8Define the term 'death rate'. What are the causes of low death rate?Preview
  9. Q9What was India's death rate in 2011? (a) (A) 7.1 (b) (B) 5.1 (c) (C) 21.8 (d) (D) 10.8Preview
  10. Q10Which age group of children are eligible for compulsory and free education according to the Indian Constitution? (a) (A) 5 - 15 years (b) (B…Preview
  11. Q11In India, last population census was conducted in which year?Preview
  12. Q12Explain social causes of migration.Preview
  13. Q13What is human capital investment?Preview
  14. Q14Discuss the economic causes for high birth rate in India.Preview
  15. Q15Explain in detail the methods to control population in India.Preview
  16. Q16Discuss the negative effects of urbanisation.Preview
  17. Q17After how many years is each subsequent census of India conducted? (a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 5 (d) 7Preview
  18. Q18How much was the female population per 1000 male population in Gujarat in 2011? (a) 933 (b) 918 (c) 940 (d) 936Preview
  19. Q19Give the meaning of Death-Rate.Preview
  20. Q20What is meant by population trend?Preview
  21. Q21State only points of negative effects of migration.Preview
  22. Q22Explain any three measures to control population of India.Preview
  23. Q23Explain any three positive effects of urbanisation.Preview
  24. Q24Give the meaning of birth rate. Discuss the social causes for high birth rate.Preview
  25. Q25Explain the measures to reduce the problem of urbanisation in India. [Any 5].Preview
  26. Q26What is the estimated population of India between 2011 to 2025? (a) 155 crores (b) 130 crores (c) 139.98 crores (d) 180 croresPreview
  27. Q27Which state in India has the highest female population per 1000 males? (a) Kerala (b) Maharashtra (c) Gujarat (d) Uttar PradeshPreview
  28. Q28Identify the type of effect that is caused by migration due to pull factors. (a) Negative (b) Positive (c) Zero (d) RelativePreview
  29. Q29Australia is known as which type of nation in the world?Preview
  30. Q30Give the meaning of internal migration with example.Preview
  31. Q31Discuss the causes of low death rate.Preview
  32. Q32Explain in detail the methods to control population.Preview
  33. Q33Explain negative effects of urbanisation.Preview
  34. Q34Explain the causes of migration.Preview

More questions

13 Q
+Show 3 questions3 questions
  1. Q4Distinguish between population as an asset and population as a burden.Free
  2. Q5What are the long-term objectives of the National Population Policy, 2000?Preview
  3. Q6Explain the reasons for the declining death rate in India during the second stage of demographic transition.Preview
+Show 3 questions3 questions
  1. Q1Define density of population.Free
  2. Q2What is meant by demographic dividend?Preview
  3. Q3State the three stages of the Demographic Transition Theory.Preview
+Show 4 questions4 questions
  1. Q7Describe the trends in size, growth rate and density of India's population as per Census 2011, with reference to Gujarat.Free
  2. Q8Explain the Demographic Transition Theory with its three stages.Free
  3. Q9'India's population is both an asset and a burden.' Discuss.Preview
  4. Q10Discuss the objectives and measures of India's Population Policy.Preview
+Show 3 questions3 questions
  1. Q11The population of a state was 3.2 crore in 2001 and 3.85 crore in 2011. Calculate the decadal growth rate of population.Free
  2. Q12Gujarat's population in 2011 was 6,04,39,692 and its geographical area is 1,96,244 sq km. Calculate the density of population.Preview
  3. Q13In a town of population 40,000, there were 720 live births and 320 deaths during a year. Calculate the Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate…Preview