Q.(OR) Prepare Trading and profit and loss account of M/S Gavish Traders for the year and a balance sheet as at 31st March, 2024 from the following figures taken from their Trial Balance. Dr. Balances: Opening Stock 35,000; Purchase 1,25,000; Sales Return 25,000; Postage 600; Salary 12,300; Wages 3,000; Rent & Rates 1,000; Packing & Transport 500; General Expenses 400; Insurance 4,000; Debtors 50,000; Cash in hand 20,000; Cash at bank 40,000; Machinery 20,000; Lighting & Heating 5,000; Discount 3,500; Bad Debts 3,500; Investment 23,100; Total 3,71,900. Cr. Balances: Sales 2,50,000; Purchase Return 6,000; Creditors 10,000; Bills Payable 20,000; Discount 1,000; Provisions for Bad debts 4,500; Interest Received 5,400; Capital 75,000; Total 3,71,900. Adjustments:

Gross Profit Calculation – A First Look

Think of a small shop that sells samosas. The shopkeeper buys samosas from a wholesaler at ₹10 each and sells them at ₹15 each. The difference of ₹5 per samosa is what the shopkeeper earns from the core business of buying and selling. That ₹5 is the gross profit per samosa.

Now scale it up. If the shop sells 1,000 samosas in a month, the total gross profit is ₹5 × 1,000 = ₹5,000. This ₹5,000 is the money left after paying for the cost of the goods themselves — but before paying for anything else like rent, electricity, or the shopkeeper's salary.

That's the everyday intuition: Gross Profit = Revenue from Sales – Cost of Goods Sold (COGS).

The Precise Meaning

In accounting, Gross Profit is the profit a business makes from its trading activities alone — buying and selling goods — before deducting any operating expenses (like salaries, rent, advertising, etc.).

It tells you: How efficiently is the business turning its inventory into profit?

The formula is:

Gross Profit = Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold

Where:

• Net Sales = Total Sales – Sales Returns (if any)
• Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) = Opening Stock + Purchases – Purchase Returns + Direct Expenses – Closing Stock

Direct expenses include things like carriage inward, wages paid to factory workers, and import duties — costs directly tied to bringing the goods to a saleable condition.

Why Does Gross Profit Matter?

Gross Profit is the first checkpoint of profitability. A healthy gross profit means the business has enough margin to cover its operating expenses and still leave a net profit. A low or negative gross profit is a red flag — it means the core business of buying and selling is itself unprofitable, and no amount of cost-cutting on rent or salaries can fix that.

It also helps in:

• Pricing decisions — Is the selling price too low?
• Inventory management — Are we buying stock at too high a cost?
• Performance comparison — How does this year's gross profit ratio compare to last year's?

Accounting Treatment

Gross Profit is not a separate account in the ledger. It is calculated inside the Trading Account, which is the first part of the Profit & Loss Account.

The Trading Account Format

Here is the standard proforma (format) of a Trading Account as per Class 12 Accountancy:

Journal Entry for Transfer

At the end of the accounting period, the Gross Profit is transferred to the Profit & Loss Account:

Trading Account                     Dr.   ₹xxx
     To Profit & Loss Account              ₹xxx
(Being gross profit transferred to Profit & Loss Account)

• Debit the Trading Account (to close it — it now has a zero balance) …