Q.a) Explain Swarts reaction with an example.

Alkyl fluorides are best prepared by the Swarts reaction, in which an alkyl chloride or bromide is heated with an inorganic metallic fluoride.

In the Swarts reaction, an alkyl chloride/bromide reacts with a metal fluoride salt such as AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2, or SbF3, and the halogen is replaced by fluorine:

R-Cl + AgF -> R-F + AgCl

This works well because fluorides are generally not obtained by direct halogenation with F2 (too violent/uncontrollable) or by simple nucleophilic substitution with common fluoride salts, making this metal-fluoride exchange the standard, reliable method.

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Treating an alkyl bromide/chloride with an inorganic fluoride such as AgF replaces the heavier halogen with fluorine — a halogen-exchange reaction named the Swarts reaction, the standard method for preparing alkyl fluorides.

$CH_3Br + AgF \rightarrow CH_3F + AgBr$

Alkyl fluorides are difficult to prepare by direct fluorination (too violent/uncontrollable), so instead an alkyl chloride or bromide is heated with a metallic fluoride such as $AgF$, $Hg_2F_2$, $CoF_2$, or $SbF_3$; the metal's strong affinity for the heavier halide ion drives the halogen exchange, depositing the corresponding insoluble metal halide (here $AgBr$) and releasing the alkyl fluoride. This substitution reaction is named the Swarts reaction.

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Replacing the halogen of an alkyl halide by fluorine using a metal fluoride is the Swarts reaction.

Concept. Alkyl fluorides are best made by heating an alkyl chloride or bromide with a heavy-metal fluoride such as $AgF$, $Hg_2F_2$, $CoF_2$ or $SbF_3$. This halogen-exchange reaction is named after its disco …