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Exercises · Q4

Q.Offspring formed due to sexual reproduction have better chances of survival. Why? Is this statement always true?

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Why sexually produced offspring often have better survival chances:

  • During meiosis in gamete formation, crossing over (exchange of segments between homologous chromosomes) and independent assortment of chromosomes shuffle the genetic material, producing gametes that are genetically different from one another.
  • Fertilisation then fuses a male gamete and a female gamete from (usually) two genetically different parents, combining two different sets of genetic information into one zygote.
  • As a result, offspring produced sexually are genetically variable — no two offspring, and no offspring and parent, are genetically identical.
  • This variation is valuable because environments are rarely static — they change due to climate, availability of food, new predators or pathogens, and so on. In a genetically varied population, it is more likely that some individuals possess a combination of traits suited to the new/changed conditions, and these individuals survive and reproduce (natural selection), keeping the species going.
  • In contrast, asexually produced offspring are genetically identical clones of the parent; if the environment changes unfavourably for that one genotype, the entire clonal population may be equally vulnerable.

Is this statement always true?

No, it is not always true, for these reasons:

  • Variation produced by sexual reproduction is random — it can be advantageous, neutral, or even harmful/deleterious. A harmful combination of genes can actually reduce, not improve, an individual's chances of survival.
  • In a stable, unchanging environment, the parental genotype may already be well-adapted; introducing variation through sexual reproduction is not necessarily beneficial, and a well-suited asexual clone could survive equally well or better. …

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